Advances in Biological Sciences Research

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum conditions i.e. pH and concentration of Rhodamin B and methanyl yellow using CCCR absorbent which is the result of synthesis by using the UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The method used was the adsorption method (Batch). Absorption of rhodamine B and methanyl...

For 45 days, research was conducted to evaluate the administration of probiotic Bacillus NP5 to increase growth, body composition, and feed efficiency on catfish (Clarias sp.). This research was carried out with 3 different treatment of Bacillus NP5 probiotic doses (0, 0.5 and 1% probiotic) and 3 replications....

The use liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) has been found to be effective as complimentary nutrients for solid organic fertilizer in organic vegetable production. The amendment of zinc (Zn) increased the activities of decomposing microbes to decompose solid organic fertilizer which eventually increased...

Utilizing of chlorine-based chemicals in pulp bleaching process causes environmental problem. Utilization of biological agents, such as enzymes for bleaching process is a wise measure to reduce the problem. One of the enzymes that play an important role in pulp bleaching process is xylanase. The previous...

The diversity of greenery species in oil palm plantations is a source of animal feed. The research aims to identify the type of forage as a source of animal feed in the area of oil palm plantations in Watubangga Subdistrict Kolaka Regency, conducted in April to June 2021 using survey methods and direct...

Chicken meat is highly nutritious but also easily damaged. The aim of this study was to evaluate the soaking chicken meat effect in bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) infusion. Total of 30 chicken meat samples were soaked with infused bay leaf (0% and 15%) for 30 minutes and different storage times (0, 2,...

Common practice of irrigation water in Indonesia often lead to the utilization of different approaches and strategies resulted in the conflicts’ creation and resolution. Our take on irrigation water as common-pool resources brought us to the notion where conflicts could be mediated, and resolution would...

Kalimantan is one of the largest islands in Indonesia, rich in useful plants. People’s local knowledge in managing useful plants is valuable. Sungai Utik Village was one of the villages in Kalimantan where Dayak Iban people living near the forest and was one of the ecotourism destinations in Kapuas Hulu,...

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) is a vegetable plant from sub-tropical regions. The temperature range for the growth of cabbage is 15 - 24 oC with optimum humidity between 80–90%. The main obstacle in cultivating cabbage flowers in lowland dryland is the lack of water due to low rainfall. Water and soil...

East Kalimantan are able to produce dragon fruit throughout year, while, East Java are only in raining season. This fruit will be produced abundantly when the peak season comes and often becomes waste. To reduce this cellulosic waste from traditional market, we attempt to convert the dragon fruit waste...

Business of red chili was fragile resulting in uncertain and vulnerable supply chain. Once price fluctuation or crop failure, farmers could not buy production’s input, the next production of chili declined. Then, disrupted in chili supply chain occurred. The purpose of this study was to figure out the...

PGR5 has always been known as a key factor of Heat response in plant testa. Recent studies show that PGR5 (proton gradentregulation 5) is a proton gradient regulatory protein, which transfers cycle electronic I encoding thylakoid membrane proteins and optical systems, and helps to induce pH heat dissipation....

Honey bees (Apis spp.) are social insects that possess unique gut microbiota community. There are three main phyla that dominate the honey bees gut microbiota; Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria in which several species among them belong to the lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In general, some...

Red chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a high-demand horticultural commodity in Indonesia but is vulnerable to quality deterioration. Postharvest treatment is needed to maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of red chilies. One of the promising preservation technologies to prolong the shelf-life...

Sargassum sp. is a non-consumable and underutilized seaweed that is considered waste, although it has the potential to provide secondary metabolites to ruminants. The purpose of this study was to see how different drying processes affected the secondary metabolite content of the seaweed Sargassum sp...

The aim of the work was to establish the level of steroid hormones in the blood serum of deep-pregnant cows and calves obtained from them and to establish correlations between hormonal and immunological parameters of the mothers and newborns. It was found that steroid hormones of the mother and the fetus...

Aketajawe Lolobata National Park has a variety of habitat types and diverse bird species. North Maluku is one of the EBA areas (Endemic Bird Area) because it has many endemic bird species. This research aims to describe the type of habitat, identify the species of Psittacidae bird, and utilize vegetation...

Climatic elements play important roles in the growth of plants. The aims of this study were to determine correlation and relationship between plant growth and climatic elements (rainfall, rainy days, temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation) in a secondary forest of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak...

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of Valine supplementation in the diet on the growth performance and giblet weight of Native chicken at the starter phase. This experiment was conducted in Kefamenanu, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, from June to July 2022. A total of five...

Plantation openings are to blame for Indonesia’s highest rates of forest loss. The goal of this study was to use the transect approach in Simbur Naik Village, Muara Sabak Timur District, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency, “Jambi Province” to determine the diversity and density of herpetofauna in a coconut...

To activate cryptic secondary metabolic genes is a crucial issue in the search for new natural products from microorganisms. For this purpose, in the present study, a marine fungal strain Penicillium chrysogenum WP-1 was treated with dielectric barrier discharge plasma, chemical mutagens, and their combination....

Fucoidan is a complex sulfated polysaccharide mainly found in brown seaweed. It has been used in a wide range of applicationsacross different industries such as food additives, dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals. Studies have shown that fucoidan has numerous biological activities including anti-cancer,...

With the rapid development of economy in China, the demand of the society to the transportation industry is also increasing [1]. This has produced a large number of car greenhouse gas, causing serious damage to the environment. As a new development of clean energy industry, liquefied natural gas (LNG)...

Pollution of phenol compounds is a serious problem for the environment. Phenols are toxic and hazardous materials because they have high toxicity in water causing disturbance to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Biosorption is a simple and efficient method to solve the problems caused by phenol compounds....

3-(2-chloro-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl)-1-methyl-1H-indole is an important intermediate in many bioactive compounds, such as osimertinib. In this task, a new intermediate is synthesized (a fluorine attached to the pyrimidine ring). The compound is synthesized from commercially available 1H-indole through...

The growth of palm sugar production in Lebak Regency as the center of palm sugar in Banten Province continues to show a positive trend so that it is an important source of income for many households in Lebak Regency. The purpose of this study is to analyze the risk of palm sugar craftsman business which...

Micropropagation is an alternative method for producing pathogenic contamination-free shallots seedlings. The aim of this research was to determine the optimum balance of auxin-cytokinin and sucrose concentration in stimulating the plantlet regeneration on shallot. The research was conducted from March...

Wet noodles are often used as the main ingredient in making chicken noodles, which is one of the favorite foods like Indonesian. The process of making wet noodles without going through the drying stages makes the noodles easily damaged by microbial growth such as bacteria. This study evaluated the effect...

During the pandemic, restrictions to the use of science teaching laboratories and the number of students allowed for each practical class had an impact on teaching, education and research. The quality of laboratory practicals and supervision of experiments was effected. COVID - 19 led to a negative impact...

The existence of Cengklik Reservoir is used by the surrounding community for aquaculture using a floating net cage system. The floating net cage system is often in demand because it reduces the loss of fish when the reservoir volume changes so that it is easier to culture, but this system also has an...

The World Health Organization establishes the coronavirus COVID-19 as a pandemic in March 2020. The receptor-binding protein in Coronavirus will bind to ACE-2 found in the heart, lungs, kidneys, and digestive tract, facilitating the entry of the virus into cells target to infect its host. High infection...

The main problem with the Covid-19 pandemic is the emergence of medical waste which has increased drastically, such as from the use of disposable masks, gloves and personal protective equipment (PPE). The covid-19 pandemic has also caused changes in food consumption, which usually eats more at restaurants,...

Remote sensing has several capabilities to be used in agriculture, which plays a significant role in crop classification, crop monitoring and yield assessment. In Indonesia, use of remote sensing divided into 3 eras: non-satellite (1970s - 1981), transition (1982 - 2004), digital satellite (2005 - now)....

The application of sexing technology to separate X and Y spermatozoa is a strategic step to fulfill the beef demand in Indonesia. Current sexing methods like gradient density percoll, bovine serum albumin, and spectrophotometry did not have 100% accuracy to separate between X and Y spermatozoa. The molecular...

Food hygiene is carried out by controlling location, equipment, personnel, and food products factors that can cause health problems. One of the foodstuffs that quickly deteriorate so that it requires strict hygiene control is Hairtail fish. The “X” fish processing industry performs freezing to prevent...

This research aims at figuring out the digestibility value of the weaning tup Garut with rations Calliandra calothyrsus, Indigofera sp., and mixture as a concentrate substitution (in vivo). Six treatment of experimental rations were tested consisting of P0 (70% P. purpureum cv. Mott + 30% Concentrate),...

This research aimed to determine the effect of the additional inulin level as a carbohydrates source for the fermentation kinetics of the proteolytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB Pro 4). The fermentation kinetics were observed using growth charts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) or LAB Pro 4 with inulin substrate...

The use of beneficial endophytic bacteria is an attractive strategy to control pathogens, improve plant growth and yield. The objectives this research were to investigate the effect of consortium application of endophytic bacteria on plant growth, grain yield, and to increase plant resistant to pathogens....

Mangroves are plants that can live in areas that have salinity and are influenced by tides. Kersik Village and Kampung Baru are areas that have mangrove ecosystems in them. One of the parameters is knowing the health condition of the mangrove ecosystem by analyzing the mangrove canopy cover. This research...

The article discusses the technology of obtaining phytosubstances using modern methods of extraction of medicinal plant materials: ultrasonic extraction, two-phase extraction. On the example of various types of plant materials, a comparative analysis was carried out and the advantages and disadvantages...

Seventy nine karst water samples were used to study the quality of groundwater in upstream of Junhe River. The main hydrochemical types were HCO3 type, HCO3⋅SO4 type, HCO3⋅Cl type and Cl type, and the HCO3 type occupied 58% of the total evaluation area. The sample points were grouped in the lower-left...

Culex quinquefasciatus is a vector of lymphatic filariasis caused by Whuchereria brancofti in Indonesia. Even though sterile insect technique has not been introduced to Indonesia yet, a strong emphasis is being placed on developing effective measures to suppress this vector and to prevent its transmission...

Pulau Rambut is a small island in Jakarta Bay that has been used as a breeding and roosting habitat for various waterbird species, especially the Ardeidae family. The study aimed at estimating Ardeidae family abundance and mapping the distribution of nest trees. The study was conducted in January-February...

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri) is a tuber plant used in the industrial production of glucomannan. Porang can be cultivated with bulbil (katak tubers) and spontaneously harvested vegetatively. Under certain harvest and storage conditions, infected bulbils can reduce seed quality, viability, and growth....

To observationthe relationship between spinal inhibition of DNA methylation in electroacupuncture (EA) analgesia, and spinal cord Dnmt3amRNA expression. EA and inhibitors of 5-AZA Dnmt can improve CCI animals hyperalgesia state and decreased Dnmt3amRNA expression. DNA methylation is closely related to...

Mammography (MG) is the only proven modality to reduce mortality of breast cancer and has been shown to reduce mortality from breast cancer, and ultrasonography (US) is a well-known adjunct to screening MG. BI-RADS classification is actually practical and correlation with histopathology on the palpable...

4-(4-aminophenoxy)-N-propylpicoliamide 4 is an important intermediate for the synthesis of many biologically active compounds. The compound 4-(4-aminophenoxy)-N-propylpicolinamide was obtained by three simple steps to synthesis from picolinic acid. In this paper, three novel 3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole derivatives...

This research aims to build a system for the classification of papaya maturity level using Learning Vector Quantization. The classification process is done by the colour feature extraction value. Forty-five images consist of 30 images for training data and 15 images for test data were used. The images...

Land productivity and stability can be reduced due to damaged watershed systems and increased surface runoff and erosion in soil. Unsustainable land management is one of the factors affecting land degradation, most of the decreased quality of the land is caused by soil erosion. Implementations of land...

This study aims at determining students’ misconceptions in the microbiology subject. The object of this study was the biology students at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas negeri Padang (UNP) who took the microbiology subject in 2018/2019 school year. The number of students...

The Covid-19 pandemic has turned out to be an opportunity for a recent noticeable increase in online purchase in Malaysia. Muslim consumer who concern about halal product were affected by this drastic purchasing trends. Although there is no evidence to support Muslim consumer to explore how they select...

Increased expression of genes encoding Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) is one of the plant defense responses against UV-B stress. Synedrella nodiflora may be tolerant to relatively high UV-B intensity. The research has been conducted to compare expression levels of genes encoding cytosolic, mitochondrial,...

Swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is one of the potential animal livestock for meat production but is still not popular as meat compared to both cattle and goats. Buffalo farmers, especially in Malang Regency, mostly used buffalo for ploughing the rice fields with traditional care and unprogrammed breeding....

Molecular genetic markers have been effectively used to analyze genetic relationships and diversity among different groups of dipterans. The emergence of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) facilitated analysis of molecular markers e.g., Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR),...

Food waste is bad behaviour that is throwing away food that is still fit for consumption. While the world is facing the problem of food safety and malnutrition, on the other hand, the food waste produced is increasing. Does this also happen with vegetables and fruit commodities in Indonesia? This study...

Sustainable development goal no. 12, to “ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns”, include a goal to reduce food waste at consumer level and food losses along the production and supply chains. For dairy, commonly referenced reasons are related to misunderstanding of spoilage before consuming...

Bacteria of the genus Propionibacteruim are the microorganisms with great biotechnological potential. The article deals with studies of biological properties of new propionic acid bacteria strains isolated from raw milk in different regions of Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. According to morphological...

Continuous biohydrogen production process by anaerobic fermentation of glucose was successfully started-up and the average hydrogen yield of 68.6 ml/g-carbohydrateremoved was obtained. When the feedstock converted into the mixture of food waste and glucose, the highest hydrogen yield of 77.4 ml-H2/g-VSremoved...

Main constraint of rice cultivation for staple food supply and national food security as sustainable agriculture indicator in Indonesia is reduced productive paddy’s fields because of land use changes for other agricultural commodities and non-agriculture land use. Aim of this paper to review some causative...

The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effects of different additives on the anaerobic fermentation of Caragana korshinskii Kom. with low moisture. The research of adding additives to the anaerobic fermentation test of C. korshinskii Kom results show that, adding cellulase alone significantly...

Mulberry plants have been cultivated for a long time ago. It is being grown for the supply of silkworms. Mulberry cultivation as a silkworms feeds in Indonesia increases because mulberry plants have many benefits, including leaves and fruit as animal feed, tea production, and pharmaceuticals. This study...

The demand for cultivated fish for public consumption has increased. One of the fish farming methods was a fish pond that is integrated with poultry, especially the types of fish that are easy to cultivate such as tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarias sp.). The aim of this research was...

Smart agriculture will be essential for sustainable food production. Above all, the implementation of smart plant protection is highly expected as a way to protect crops from pests. However, for this purpose, it is necessary to collect a lot of experimental data, link it with various information, and...

Many studies have reported that the addition of bromelain enzyme and pineapple extract can increase the growth performance of broiler chickens. However, when the bromelain enzyme was applied to meat, it can digest proteins that cause cell damage. In this study, the addition of the bromelain enzyme with...

Indonesia continues to confront difficulties and barriers in obtaining halal certification because some unresponsible individuals continue to adulterate halal food by combining it with pork or fanged animals in order to increase their profits. Therefore, it is necessary for Halal Examining Institutions...

The activity of Chinese jatropha stem extract (J. multifida L.) was tested on S. frugiperda larvae to determine the percentage of mortality and fitness. The research was carried out in the pest and disease laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University from January to May 2020. The research...

The effects of minocycline on the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were evaluated in this study. The diabetes rats with diabetic nephropathy (DN) were induced by STZ (55 mg/kg) injection. The experiment included 5 groups 1) normal, 2) normal plus...

4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)benzaldehyde (1) as a water-soluble aldehyde is an important intermediate for small molecule anticancer drugs. A rapid and high yield synthetic method for 4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)benzaldehyde (1) was established in this work. The target compound was synthesized from the commercially...

The study aims to determine the effect of cow manure feeding at different levels on the growth of grass Pennisetum purpereum cv. Mott as fodder. The study used a randomized group design method (GDM) with 4 treatments and 5 replays which were then maintained for 60 days. The treatment applied, namely...

Sandbar is one of river structures that functions to decrease river flow velocity and increase diversification of flow distribution leading to river channel stability. Sandbars have roles in sediment transport mechanism, reducing pollutants due to denitrification mechanism, and as a host for aquatic...

Objective: Analysis anastomosis of the commonly used animal models and clinical features of chronic skin ulcer disease, put forward to recommendations for model refinement. Method: Summarize the characteristics of existing chronic skin ulcer model and molding method, according to traditional Chinese...

Building a unified educational space allows students to choose and build their own career. In connection with the adoption of the Bologna system there was a modernization of the education system in Russian Universities. The article highlights the features of the development, formation and construction...

Ruku-ruku leaves are one of the natural resources in West Sumatra. However, the use of ruku-ruku leaves nowadays has only been used to enrich the taste of cuisine such as fish curry dishes. The distinctive odor of the ruku-ruku leaves can eliminate the fishy odor in the fish. This distinctive odor comes...

The research was aimed to determine the influence of magnetic fields supply and hygromycin concentration on the optimization of folate gene putative transformant selection in rice (cv. Fatmawati). The Genetic transformation of rice used A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 as a vector that contained plasmid...

Strategic Design for Sustainable Tourism Management in Pangempang Beach. Pangempang Beach is an object and tourist attraction which is included in the category of developing areas and most of them have not been developed and managed professionally. The purpose of this study was to analyze land suitability,...

The Leptin gene, also known as ‘obese’, was an important regulator of growth traits which is the principal economic value of beef cattle. This paper aimed to investigate the potency of the Leptin gene as a selection marker of economic traits for Madura cattle. This study was performed by literature review...

The main constraint of the Ettawa Crossbreed does management at the farmer level is that the forages as the only feed given because farmers are unable to provide another feed, which causes the failure to reach optimum productivity. In this study, the supplementary feed was added as a protein source concentrate...

This study utilizes Logitec HD webcam C270 as a computer vison-based precision monitoring system to optimize the performance of cassava chips drying machines. Cassava chips processed from optimal drying is later utilized as raw material for quality modified cassava flour (MOCAF). The purpose of this...

The efficiency of plant breeding programs can be improved by determining genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance. The experiment was carried out to study the genetic variability, broad-sense heritability, and genetic advance for some morphological and physiological traits in rice influenced...

Humic acid is naturally generated from aerobic decomposition of organic matter by organisms. Treatment of humic acid by photocatalyst have some advantages, such as no saturation point, inexpensive, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Photocatalyst is a photochemical process which involved catalyst...

Based on the acute toxicity data for aquatic organisms from China and the United States, species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) were developed to derive to HC5 (the Hazardous Concentration for 5% of the species). Sensitivity to NP in taxa of vertebrates, invertebrates and plants were compared separately...

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is one of the most common primary malignancies of the major and minor salivary glands. ACC is an uncommon neoplasm that most frequently arises in salivary glands and related tissue in the head and neck region. Unlike head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, ACC is characterized...

Experiment on morphological characterization of natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) genotypes was carried out during the 2021 cropping season. The experiment was set up at clonal garden of Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria (RRIN) Iyanomo, Benin City. The objective of the study was to characterize...

The analysis of the inhibiting effect of antibiotic from the cephalosporin series, nanoencapsulated gellan and xanthan gum in comparison with native antibiotics was performed. Differences in the effect of drugs depending on concentration were studied as well as positive effect of prolongation of activity...

(E) -3- (dimethylamino) -1- (1H-indol-3-yl) prop-2-en-1-one (4) is an important intermediate in many biologically active compounds such as osimertinib. In this work, compound (4) was synthesized through three steps, using 1H-indole as starting material. The synthetic method of 4 was optimized and can...

Organic material is widely used for propagation of orchids, namely coconut water, extracts of tomatoes, bananas, bean sprouts and potatoes which can be added to certain media as a provider of nutrients, amino acid minerals, and growth regulators. This study aims to determine the effect of the concentration...

Spatial variability can be the main cause of uneven plant growth, but this has not received much attention in the field. Spatial variability in soil chemical properties (soil pH, P) can be calculated using a geostatistics approach. The main objective of this research was to make a predictive mapping...

The use of pesticides in agriculture has a negative effect on environment. Thus, environment-friendly fertilizers are needed to minimize the use of pesticides. The present study used seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) extracted from Sargassum sp., Gelidum sp., and Padina sp. to support the coastal agricultural...

Using carbon fiber (CF) as carriers and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as modifiers, nano zero valent iron (nZVI) was prepared and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The effects of the different materials, the initial solution pH, and so on, were investigated....

Bed bugs infestation in the 1970s was considered disappeared, but since 2000s, re-emergence of bed bugs were reported from all over the world. The study of bed bugs infestation was carried in campus area of IPB University, Darmaga and its surrounding from October 2014 to February 2015. The study was...

Vigorous physical exercise that exceeds the limit of fatigue can increase the formation of free radicals that lead to oxidative stress. One of the biomarkers used to determine the presence of oxidative stress is the level of F2-isoprostane. This study aims to determine the differences in levels of F2-isoprostan...

Green Campaigns are used to expose any environmental issues to the societies and at the same time to give knowledge about the awareness of green behavior on the environment and will later lead to the intention of purchasing green products. However, as a report stated, 86% percent of the adult population...

The reduced area of agricultural land in West Sleman will affect the availability of food in the region. The decreasing availability of food will have an impact on the condition of the carrying capacity of the land, whether it will get better or worse. Based on these problems, a study was conducted to...

The research aims to find out the physical quality of laying hen eggs given Manihot esculenta extract using ingredients consisting of laying hens numbering 32 heads with the age of 1 year and for 5 weeks. The study used a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) of 4 treatments and 4 replays with observed parameters...

Carbon-neutral sustainable approaches are highly demanding in the coal energy sector. Coal mine effluent disposal is a severe challenge with crucial concern issues of salinity hazard and heavy metal contamination due to long-duration water and coal interaction. The medium to the high salinity of coal...

This research was motivated by the learning difficulties experienced by students in the Microbiology Subject that caused their learning competence to be relatively low. This research aims at describing the factors that caused learning difficulties experienced by UNP biology students in the Microbiology...

This study aims to identify the anatomical structure of petrified wood discovered in Samarinda, East Borneo. The material consists of a single piece of petrified wood, grey, and white—the ground thin-section technique prepared three-dimensional sections (transverse, tangential, and radial). Microscopic...

Vanda tricolor var. Suavis Lindl. form Merapi is one of the crucial Indonesian orchid species. Due to natural disasters or deforestation of their natural habitat, the population of this orchid continues to decline and is threatened to be extinct. Therefore, a strategy for mass propagation of this plant...

This study aims to determine the effect of Sarana Tani Utama (STU) fertilizer on the growth and production of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) cv. Taiwan is grown on a dairy farm in Sipora Jaya, Mentawai Islands. The study used a randomized block design with 5 treatments P0 = 100% fertilizer N,...

To provide scientific data of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and trnL-F sequences for the authentication of Pulsatilla chinesis(Bge.) Regel., we extracted the genome DNA from the leaves of Pulsatilla chinesis(Bge.) Regel., collected in Jilin Province, amplified the ITS and trnL-F region using...