On the discretization of Laine equations

Kostyantyn Zheltukhin; Natalya Zheltukhina

doi:10.1080/14029251.2018.1440748

<Previous Article In Issue

Download article (PDF)

Next Article In Issue>

Volume 25, Issue 1, February 2018, Pages 166 - 177

On the discretization of Laine equations

Authors

Kostyantyn Zheltukhin

Middle East Technical University, Department of Mathematics, Universiteler Mahallesi, Dumlupinar Bulvar No:1, 06800 Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey,zheltukh@metu.edu.tr

Natalya Zheltukhina

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey,natalya@fen.bilkent.edu.tr

Received 20 July 2017, Accepted 31 July 2017, Available Online 6 January 2021.

DOI: 10.1080/14029251.2018.1440748 How to use a DOI?
Keywords: Semi-discrete chain; Darboux integrability; x-integral; n-integral; discretization
Abstract: We consider the discretization of Darboux integrable equations. For each of the integrals of a Laine equation we constructed either a semi-discrete equation which has that integral as an n-integral, or we proved that such an equation does not exist. It is also shown that all constructed semi-discrete equations are Darboux integrable.
Copyright: © 2018 The Authors. Published by Atlantis and Taylor & Francis
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

1. Introduction

When considering hyperbolic type equations

uxy=g(x,y,u,ux,uy)(1.1)

one finds an important special subclass, so called Darboux integrable equations, that is described in terms of x-and y-integrals. Recall that a function W(x, y, u, u_x, u_x _x, …) is called a y–integral of equation (1.1) if D_yW(x, y, u, u_x, …)|_(1.1) = 0, where D_y represents the total derivative with respect to y( see [2] and [8]). An x-integral W¯=W¯(x,y,u,uy,uyy,…) for equation (1.1) is defined in a similar way. Equation (1.1) is said to be Darboux integrable if it admits a nontrivial x-integral and a nontrivial y–integral.

The classification problem for Darboux integrable equations was considered by Goursat, Zhiber and Sokolov (see [2] and [8]). In his paper Goursat obtained a supposedly complete list of Darboux integrable equations of the form (1.1). A detailed discussion of the subject and corresponding references can be found in the survey [9].

Later Laine [7] published two Darboux integrable hyperbolic equations, which were absent in Goursat's list. The first equation found by Laine is

uxy=ux(uy+uyu−y+uyu−x).(1.2)

It has a second order y-integral

W1=uxxux−12ux(1u−y+3u−x)+1u−x(1.3)

and a third order x-integral

W¯=(uyyy−uyy22uy−uyy1+5uy12+4uyu−y)(uyy−2uy+2uy32+uy2u−y)−1 −(2uy+2uy32−6uy2−10uy52−4uy3(u−y)2)(uyy−2uy+2uy32+uy2u−y)−1.(1.4)

The second equation found by Laine is

uxy=2((u+X)2+ux+(u+X)(u+X)2+ux)(uy+uyu−y−uy(u+X)2+ux).(1.5)

It has a second order y-integral

W2=uxx2ux(1−u+X(u+X)2+ux)+u+(u+X)2+2ux(u+X)2+ux −(u+X)2+ux+(u+X)(u+X)2+uxu−y(1.6)

and a third order x-integral (1.4). For the second equation Laine assumed X to be an arbitrary function of x. However Kaptsov (see [6]) has shown that X must be a constant function if equation (1.5) admits the integrals (1.6) and (1.4). Thus it can be assumed, without loss of generality, that X = 0.

One can also consider a semi-discrete analogue of Darboux integrable equations (see [1]). The notion of Darboux integrability for semi-discrete equations was developed by Habibullin (see [3]). For a function t = t(n, x) of the continuous variable x and discrete variable n we introduce notations

tk=t(n+k,x), k∈ℤ, t[m]=dmdxmt(n,x), m∈ℕ.

Then a hyperbolic type semi-discrete equation can be written as

t1x=f(x,n,t,t1,tx).(1.7)

A function F of variables x, n, and t, t₁,…,t_k is called an x-integral of equation (1.7) if D_x F|_(1.7) = 0. A function I of variables x, n, t, t_[1],…,t_[_m_] is called an n-integral of equation (1.7) if DI|_(1.7) = I, where D is a shift operator. Equation (1.7) is said to be Darboux integrable if it admits a nontrivial n-integral and a nontrivial x-integral. In what follows we consider the equalities D_x = 0 and DI = I, which define x-and n-integrals F and I, only on solutions of the corresponding equations. For more information on semi-discrete Darboux integrable equations see [3], [4] and [5].

The interest in the continuous and discrete Darboux integrable models is stimulated by exponential type systems. Such systems are connected with semi-simple and affine Lie algebras which have applications in Liouville and conformal field theories.

The discretization of equations from Goursat’s list was considered by Habibullin and Zheltukhina in [5]. In the present paper we find semi-discrete versions of Laine equations (1.2) and (1.5). In particular we find semi-discrete equations that admit functions (1.3) or (1.6) as n-integrals, and show that these equations are Darboux integrable. This is the main result of our paper given in Theorem 1.1 and Theorem 1.2 below.

Theorem 1.1.

The semi-discrete chain (1.7), which admits a minimal order n-integral

I1=txxtx−12tx(1t−ε(n)+3t−x)+1t−x,(1.8)

where ε(n) is an arbitrary function of n, is

t1x=tx(t1−x)(t−x)B(n,t,t1),(1.9)

where B is a function of n, t, t₁, satisfying the following equation

(t1−ε)(t1−ε1)−2(t−ε)(t1−ε1)B+(t−ε)(t−ε1)B2=0.(1.10)

Moreover, chain (1.9) admits an x-integral of minimal order 3.

Theorem 1.2.

The semi-discrete chain (1.7), which admits a minimal order n-integral

I2=txx2tx(1−tt2+tx)+t+t2+2txt2+tx−t2+tx+tt2+txt−ε(n),(1.11)

where ε(n) is an arbitrary function of n, is

t1x=2A(tA−t1)t2+tx+A2tx+2tA(tA−t1),(1.12)

where A is a function of n, t, t₁, satisfying the following system of equations

{At=−2t1(t1−ε1)A+(−ε+2t)(t1−ε1)A2−ε1(t−2ε)A32(t1−ε1)(t−ε)(t1−tA),At1=ε(t1−ε1)+(t−ε)(2t1−ε1)A−2t(t−2ε)A22(t1−ε1)(t−ε)(t1−tA).(1.13)

Moreover, chain (1.12) admits an x-integral of minimal order 2.

The paper is organized as follows. In Sections 2 and 3 we give proofs of Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 respectively. In Section 4 we show that function (1.4) can not be a minimal order n-integral for any equation (1.7).

2. Proof of Theorem 1.1

Discretization by n-integral: Let us find f(x, n, t, t₁, t_x) such that DI₁ = I₁, where I₁ is defined by (1.8). Equality D I₁ = I₁ implies

fx+fttx+ft1f+ftxtxxf−f2(1t1−ε1+3t1−x)+1t1−x=txxtx−tx2(1t−ε+3t−x)+1t−x,(2.1)

where ε = ε(n) and ε₁ = ε(n + 1).

By comparing the coefficients before t_xx in (2.1), we get ftxf=1tx, which implies that f = A(x, n, t, t₁)t_x. We substitute this expression for f in (2.1) and get

Ax+Attx+At1AtxA−Atx2(1t1−ε1+3t1−x)+1t1−x=−tx2(1t−ε+3t−x)+1t−x.(2.2)

The above equation is equivalent to a system of two equations

{AxA+1t1−x=1t−x,AtA+At1−A2(1t1−ε1+3t1−x)=−12(1t−ε+3t−x).(2.3)

The first equation of system (2.3) can be written as ∂∂x(ln|A|−ln|t1−x|+ln|t−x|)=0 which implies that

A(x,n,t,t1)=t1−xt−xB(n,t,t1)(2.4)

for some function B of variables n, t, t₁. Substituting expression (2.4) for A into the second equation of system (2.3), we get

−1t−x+BtB+Bt−x+Bt1(t1−x)t−x−B(t1−x)2(t−x)(1t1−ε1+3t1−x)=−12(1t−ε+3t−x).(2.5)

Thus

(t−x)BtB+(t1−x)Bt1−B2(1+t1−xt1−ε1)=−12(1+t−xt−ε).(2.6)

We compare the coefficients before x and x⁰ in (2.6) and obtain

{−BtB−Bt1+B2(t1−ε1)=12(t−ε),tBtB+t1Bt1−B2−t1B2(t1−ε1)=−12−t2(t−ε),(2.7)

which is equivalent to

{Bt=B(ε−2t+t1−εB+tB)2(t−ε)(t−t1),Bt1=−ε1+t1+ε1B+tB−2t1B2(t1−ε1)(t−t1).(2.8)

The last system is compatible, that is Bt t1=Bt1t, if and only if equality (1.10) is satisfied.

Existence of an x-integral: Let us show that equation (1.9) where function B satisfies (1.10) has a finite dimensional x-ring. We have,

t1x=t1−xt−xBtx, t2x=t2−xt−xBB1tx, and t3x=t3−xt−xBB1B2tx,(2.9)

where B = B(n, t, t₁), B₁ = B(n + 1, t₁, t₂) and B₂ = B(n + 2, t₂, t₃). We are looking for a function F(x, n, t, t₁, t₂, t₃) such that D_xF = 0, that is

Fx+Fttx+Ft1t1x+Ft2t2x+Ft3t3x=0.(2.10)

Thus

Fx+Fttx+Ft1t1−xt−xBtx+Ft2t2−xt−xBB1tx+Ft3t3−xt−xBB1B2tx=0,(2.11)

which is equivalent to

{Fx=0(t−x)Ft+(t1−x)BFt1+(t2−x)BB1Ft2+(t3−x)BB1B2Ft3=0.(2.12)

By comparing the coefficients of x⁰ and x in the last equality we get the following system

{tFt+t1BFt1+t2BB1Ft2+t3BB1B2Ft3=0,−Ft−BFt1−BB1Ft2−BB1B2Ft3=0.(2.13)

After diagonalization this system becomes

{Ft +BB1(t2−t1)t−t1Ft2+BB1B2(t3−t1)t−t1Ft3=0,Ft1+B1(t−t2)t−t1Ft2+B1B2(t−t3)t−t1Ft3=0.(2.14)

We introduce vector fields

V1=∂∂t+BB1(t2−t1)t−t1∂∂t2+BB1B2(t3−t1)t−t1∂∂t3,V2=∂∂t1+B1(t−t2)t−t1∂∂t2+B1B2(t−t3)t−t1∂∂t3.(2.15)

and V = [V₁, V₂]. Then, we have

2(t−t1)2B1V=(t1−t2+B(t2−t+(t−t1)B1)∂∂t2+B2(t1−t3+B(t3−t+(t−t1)B1B2))∂∂t3.

Direct calculation show that

[V1,V]=3ε−4t+t12(ε−t)(t−t1)V and [V2,V]=3ε1+t−4t12(ε1−t1)(t1−t)V.(2.16)

Hence vector fields V₁, V₂ and V form a finite-dimensional ring. By the Jacobi Theorem the system of three equations V₁(F) = 0, V₂(F) = 0, V(F) = 0 has a nonzero solution F(t, t₁, t₂, t₃). The function F(t, t₁, t₂, t₃) is an x-integral of equation (1.9).

3. Proof of Theorem 1.2

Discretization by n-integral: Let us find a function f(x, n, t, t₁, t_x) such that DI₂ = I₂, where I₂ is given by (1.11). The equality DI₂ = I₂ implies that

fx+fttx+ft1f+ftxtxx2f(1−t1t12+f)−t12+f+t1t12+ft1−ε1+t1+t12+2ft12+f=txx2tx(1−tt2+tx)−t2+tx+tt2+txt−ε+t+t2+2txt2+tx,(3.1)

where ε = ε(n) and ε₁ = ε(n + 1). Comparing the coefficients before t_xx in equality (3.1), we get

ftxf(1−t1t12+f)=1tx(1−tt2+tx).(3.2)

This can be written as

∂∂txln(ff+t12+t1f+t12−t1)=∂∂txln(txtx+t2+ttx+t2−t).(3.3)

Thus

f+t12+t1=(tx+t2+t)A(x,n,t,t1),(3.4)

where A is some function of variables x, n, t and t₁. The last equality is equivalent to

f=(2A2t−2At1)tx+t2+A2tx+t(2A2t−2At1).(3.5)

We substitute f given by (3.5) into equality (3.1), use (3.4) and equality

f+t12−t1=f(tx+t2−t)Atx

to get

1tx+t2f+t12(Λ1tx2+Λ2txtx+t2+Λ3tx+Λ4tx+t2++Λ5t2)=0,(3.6)

where

Λi=αi1Ax+αi2At+αi3At1+αi4, 1≤i≤5(3.7)

and

α11=0,α12=1,α13=A2,α14=At−ε−A3t1−ε1,α21=0,α22=t−t1A,α23=−3t1A+3tA2,α24=−t1+2tAt−ε+2t1A2−3tA3t1−ε1+A2−A,

α31=1,α32=t2,α33=2t12+5t2A2−6t1tA,α34=−t1t+t(t+2ε)At−ε+−5t2A3+4t1tA2−t12At1−ε1+t1+2tA2−t1A,

α41=t−t1A,α42=0,α43=4t3A2−6t1t2A+2t12t,α44=2εt2A+εtt1t−ε+−4t3A3+4t1t2A2−t12tAt1−ε1+2t2A2−t1tA,

We can solve the overdetermined system of linear equations Λ_i = 0, i = 1,2 … 5, with respect to A_x A_t, At1 and obtain

{Ax=0,At=−At−ε+A22(t1−tA)(Aε1t1−ε1−εt−ε),At1=At1−ε1−12(t1−tA)(Aε1t1−ε1−εt−ε).(3.8)

By direct calculations one can check that A_t _t_{_{1}} = A_t_{_{1} t}, so the above system has a solution.

Existence of an x-integral: We are looking for a function F(t, t₁, t₂) such that D_xF = 0 that is

Fttx+Ft1t1x+Ft2t2x=0,(3.9)

where t satisfies equation (1.7) with function f given by (3.5). We use

t1x=A2(t,t1)tx+2A(t,t1)(tA(t,t1)−t1)(tx+t2+t)

and

f+t12=(tx+t2+t)A−t1,

to get

t2x=A2(t,t1)A2(t1,t2)tx+2(tx+t2+t)(tA(t,t1)−t1)A(t,t1)A2(t1,t2)+2(tx+t2+t)(t1A(t1,t2)−t2)A(t,t1)A(t1,t2).

By substituting these expressions for t₁_x and t₂_x into equality (3.9) and comparing the coefficients of tx+t2,tx and tx0, we obtain the following system of equations

{Ft2A(t,t1)(tA(t,t1)−t1)Ft1+2A(t,t1)A(t1,t2)(tA(t,t1)A(t1,t2)−t2)Ft2=0,+A2(t,t1)Ft1+A2(t,t1)A2(t1,t2)Ft2=0,2tA(t,t1)(tA(t,t1)−t1)Ft1+2tA(t,t1)A(t1,t2)(tA(t,t1)A(t1,t2)−t2)Ft2=0.

To check for the existence of a solution we transform the above system to its row reduced form

{Ft +A2(t,t1)A(t1,t2)(t2−t1A(t1,t2))tA(t,t1)−t1Ft2=0,Ft1+A(t1,t2)(t2−tA(t,t1)A(t1,t2))−tA(t,t1)+t1Ft2=0.(3.10)

The corresponding vector fields

V1=∂∂t+A2(t,t1)A(t1,t2)(t2−t1A(t1,t2))tA(t,t1)−t1∂∂t2,V2=∂∂t1+A(t1,t2)(t2−tA(t,t1)A(t1,t2))−tA(t,t1)+t1∂∂t2

commute, that is [V₁, V₂] = 0, provided A satisfies system (3.8). Thus by the Jacobi theorem, system (3.10) has a solution. To solve the system define a function E(t, t₁, t₂) by

Et=A2tA−t1,Et2=1A1(t1A1−t2),Et1=t2−tAA1(tA−t1)(t1A1−t2)+1t1−ε1E,

where A = A(t, t₁) and A₁ = A(t₁, t₂).

One can check that Ett1=Et1t and Et1t2=Et2t1, so such a function E exists. Function E is a first integral of the first equation of system (3.10). We write system (3.10) using new variables

t˜=t,t˜1=t1,t˜2=E(t,t1,t2)

and obtain

{Ft˜=0Ft˜1+t˜2t˜1−ε1Ft˜2=0.(3.11)

Therefore one of the x-integrals is F(t, t₁, t₂) = E(t, t₁, t₂) /(t₁−ε(n + 1)) where function E defined above.

4. Nonexistence of a chain (1.7) admitting the minimal order n-integral (1.4)

Let us find a function f(x, n, t, t₁, t_x) such that equation (1.7) has the n-integral

I=txxx−txx22tx−txx1+5tx+4txt−x−2tx+2txtx−6tx2−10tx2tx−4tx3(t−x)2txx−2tx+4txtx+2tx2t−x.

We have,

t1x=f(x,n,t,t1,tx),t1xx=fx+fttx+ft1f+ftxtxx,t1xxx=(fxx+fxttx+fxt1f+fxtxtxx)+tx(fxt+ftttx+ftt1f+fttxtxx)+fttxx+f(fxt1+ftt1tx+ft1t1f+ft1txtxx)+ft1(fx+fttx+ft1f+ftxtxx)+txx(fxtx+fttxtx+ft1txf+ftxtxtxx)+ftxtxxx.

Equality DI = I is equivalent to J: = L(DL)(DI − I) = 0, where L=2tx(t−x){txx(t−x)−2tx(tx+1)2}. We have

J=Λ1txxx+Λ2txx3+Λ3txx2+Λ4txx+Λ5,

where Λ_k, 1 ≤ k ≤ 5, are some functions of variables x, n, t, t₁, t_x. In particular,

Λ12(t−x)(t1−x)txf=2(t−x)f(1+f)2−2(t1−x)txftx(1+tx)2−(t1−x)(t−x)(fx+fttx+ft1f),Λ2=(t−x)2(t1−x)2{fftx−txftx2+2txfftxtx},Λ3(t−x)(t1−x)=(t−x)f[4f3/2+2f2+(x−t1)fx+f(2+(x−t1)ft1)]+10(x−t1)tx3/2fftx+tx[10(t−x)f3/2ftx+2(t−x)(t1−x)ftxfx+4(t−x)f2(2ftx+(x−t1)ft1tx)]+txf(2(t−t1)ftx+(t−x)(x−t1)(3ft+4fxtx))−2(t1−x)tx2[2f(2ftx−ftxtx+(t−x)fttx)+ftx(ftx+(x−t)ft)]−4(ftx2−2fftxtx)(t1−x)tx5/2−2(ftx2−2fftxtx)(t1−x)tx3.

Equality Λ₂ = 0 implies that fftx−txftx2+2txfftxtx=0, thus

f2ftx∂∂tx{txftx2f}=0.

Hence, txftx2f=A2(x,n,t,t1) for some function A depending on x, n, t, t₁ only. Therefore, ftxf=Atx and hence ∂∂tx{f−Atx=0}. We have,

f=Atx+B

where A = A(x, n, t, t₁) and B = B(x, n, t, t₁). We substitute f=A2tx+2ABtx+B2 into Λ1=0 and get

α1tx2+α2tx3/2+α3tx+α4tx+α5=0.

We solve the system of equations α_k = 0,1 ≤ k ≤ 5, and obtain B = 0, that is

{Ax=B2ABt−32ABBt1+2(t1−x)B+A{2(t−t1)+6(t−x)B+3(t−x)B2}2(t−x)(x−t1),At=A2BBt+A32BBt1+A{2(t1−x)A+2(x−t1)B−(t−x)A2(2+B)}2(t−x)(x−t1)B,At1=−12ABBt−A2BBt1+2(x−t1)+(t−x)A(2+3B)2(t−x)(x−t1)B,Bx=−B2Bt1−B(1+B)2t1−x.(4.1)

We substitute f=A2tx+2ABtx+B2 into Λ₃ = 0 and get

β1tx3+β2tx5/2+β3tx2+β4tx3/2+β5tx+β6tx+β7=0.

We solve the system of equations β_k = 0,1 ≤ k ≤ 7, and obtain B = 0, or

{Ax=3B8ABt−2324ABBt1+21(t1−x)B+A{16(t−t1)+51(t−x)B+23(t−x)B2}24(t−x)(x−t1),At=3A8BBt+3A38BBt1+A{7(t1−x)A+8(x−t1)B−(t−x)A2(7+3B)}8(t−x)(x−t1)B,At1=−38ABBt−3A8BBt1+7(x−t1)+(t−x)A(7+11B)8(t−x)(x−t1)B,Bx=−B2Bt1−B(1+B)2t1−x.(4.2)

We equate expressions for A_x and A_t from (4.1) and (4.2) and find

{Bt=−A{2(t1−x)B+A((t−t1)+(t−x)B)}2(t−x)(x−t1)B,Bt1=t−t1+3(t−x)B+2(t−x)B22(t−x)(x−t−1)B.(4.3)

Then, it follows from (4.1) that

{Ax=(t1−x+(t−x)A)B2(t−x)(x−t1),At=A((t1−x)A+(x−t)A2+2(x−t1)B)2(t−x)(x−t1)B,At1=x−t1+(t−x)A(1+2B)2(t−x)(x−t1)B,Bx=B(t+t1−2x+(t−x)B)2(t1−x)(x−t).(4.4)

Equality Att1−At1t=0 becomes (t1−x)2−(t−x)2A3(t−x)2(t1−x)2B=0, thus

A3=(t1−x)2(t−x)2.(4.5)

Equality Axt1−At1x=0 becomes −(t1−x)2+(t−x)2A(1+B)2(t−x)2(t1−x)2B=0, thus

A(1+B)2=(t1−x)2(t−x)2.(4.6)

Equality A_xt−A_tx = 0 becomes (t1−x)2(A−B)2−(t−x)2A3(t−x)2(t1−x)2B=0. It implies that

A3(A−B)2=(t1−x)2(t−x)2,(4.7)

or A = B, that leads to A = B = 0 and f = 0. It follows from (4.5) and (4.7) that A − B = 1 or A − B = −1. It follows from (4.5) and (4.6) that 1 + B = A or 1 + B = − A. This gives rise to four possibilities:

1)
A − B = 1;
2)
A − B = 1 and A + B = − 1 which gives A = 0, B = − 1 and therefore f = 1;
3)
A − B = −1 and A − B = 1 which is an inconsistent system;
4)
A − B = −1 and A + B = −1 which gives A = −1, B = 0 and therefore f = t_x

We have to study case 1 ) only. In this case we get B = A − 1 and equation t1x=Atx+Bbecomes t1x+1=A(tx+1), that can be written as well as

(t1x+1)3=A3(tx+1)3.(4.8)

Due to (4.5), our equation (4.8) becomes

(t1x+1)3(t1−x)2=(tx+1)3(t−x)2.

The last equation admits an n-integral I=(tx+1)3(t−x)2 of order one.

Let us consider case B = 0. We write DI − I = 0 for the chain t₁ _x = C(x, n, t, t₁) t_x and get

Λ1txxx+Λ2txx2+Λ3txx+Λ4=0

where Λ_k = Λ_k(x, n, t, t₁, t_x), 1 ≤ k ≤ 4. Equation Λ₁ = 0 implies

α1tx+α2tx+α3=0

where α_k = α_k(x, n, t, t₁), 1 ≤ k ≤ 3. In particular, α2=4C(−(t1−x)+(t−x)C). Since α₂ = 0 we have C = (t₁−x)²(t − x) ^{− 2}. The chain becomes t₁ _x = (t₁−x)²(t−x) ^{− 2}t_x. It admits the n-integral I = (t − x)⁻² t_x of order one.

Therefore, if equation (1.7) admits n-integral (1.4) then (1.4) is not a minimal order integral.

Acknowledgment

We are thankful to Prof. Habibullin for suggesting the Laine equations discretization problem and for his interest in our work.

References

[1]Adler Adler and Startsev Startsev, On discrete analogues of the Liouville equation, Theoret. and Math. Phys., Vol. 121, No. 2, 1999, pp. 1484-1495.

[2]Goursat Goursat, Recherches sur quelques équations aux dérivés partielles du second ordre, Annales de la faculté des Sciences de l’Université de Toulouse 2e série, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1899, pp. 31-78.

[3]Habibullin Habibullin and Pekcan Pekcan, Characteristic Lie Algebra and Classification of Semi-Discrete Models, Theoret. and Math. Phys., Vol. 151, No. 3, 2007, pp. 781-790.

[4]Habibullin Habibullin, Zheltukhina Zheltukhina, and Sakieva Sakieva, Discretization of hyperbolic type Darboux integrable equations preserving integrability, J. Math. Phys., Vol. 52, No. 9, 2011. 093507

[5]Habibullin Habibullin and Zheltukhina Zheltukhina, Discretization of Liouville type nonautonomous equations preserving integrals, Journal of Non-linear Mathematical Physics, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2016, pp. 620-642.

[6]Kaptsov Kaptsov, On the Goursat classification problem, Program. Comput. Softw., Vol. 38, No. 2, 2012, pp. 102-104.

[7]Laine Laine, Sur l’a application de la method de Darboux aux equations s = f (x, y, z, p, q), Comptes rendus, Vol. V.182, 1926, pp. 1127-1128.

[8]Zhiber Zhiber and Sokolov Sokolov, Exactly integrable hyperbolic equations of Liouville type, Russian Mathematical Surveys, Vol. 56, No. 1, 2001, pp. 61-101.

[9]Zhiber Zhiber, Murtazina Murtazina, Habibullin Habibullin, and Shabat Shabat, Characteristic Lie rings and integrable models in mathematical physics, Ufa Math. J.,, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2012, pp. 17-85.

<Previous Article In Issue

Download article (PDF)

Next Article In Issue>

Journal: Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics
Volume-Issue: 25 - 1
Pages: 166 - 177
Publication Date: 2021/01/06
ISSN (Online): 1776-0852
ISSN (Print): 1402-9251
DOI: 10.1080/14029251.2018.1440748 How to use a DOI?
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

Cite this article

ris enw bib

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Kostyantyn Zheltukhin
AU  - Natalya Zheltukhina
PY  - 2021
DA  - 2021/01/06
TI  - On the discretization of Laine equations
JO  - Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics
SP  - 166
EP  - 177
VL  - 25
IS  - 1
SN  - 1776-0852
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1080/14029251.2018.1440748
DO  - 10.1080/14029251.2018.1440748
ID  - Zheltukhin2021
ER  -

download .riscopy to clipboard