Nonlocal symmetries and group invariant solutions for the coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system

Yarong Xia; Ruoxia Yao; Xiangpeng Xin

doi:10.1080/14029251.2020.1819601

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Volume 27, Issue 4, September 2020, Pages 581 - 591

Nonlocal symmetries and group invariant solutions for the coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system

Authors

Yarong Xia

School of Computer Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710119, People’s Republic of China

School of Information and Engineering, Shaanxi Joint Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence, Xi’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710065, People’s Republic of China,xiayarong2014@126.com

Ruoxia Yao^*

School of Computer Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710119, People’s Republic of China,rxyao2@hotmail.com

Xiangpeng Xin

School of Mathematical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, People’s Republic of China,xinxiangpeng2012@gmail.com

^*Corresponding author.

Corresponding Author

Ruoxia Yao

Received 18 July 2019, Accepted 3 January 2020, Available Online 4 September 2020.

DOI: 10.1080/14029251.2020.1819601 How to use a DOI?
Keywords: Nonlocal symmetry; Group invariant solution; Lie point symmetry; Symmetry reduction; Variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system
Abstract: Starting from the Lax pairs, the nonlocal symmetries of the coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system are obtained. By introducing an appropriate auxiliary dependent variable, the nonlocal symmetries are localized to Lie point symmetries and the coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system is extended to an enlarged system with the auxiliary variable. Then the finite symmetry transformation for the prolonged system is found by solving the initial-value problems. Furthermore, by applying symmetry reduction method to the enlarged system, two kinds of the group invariant solutions are given.
Copyright: © 2020 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press and Taylor & Francis
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

1. Introduction

Symmetry study is always a powerful method in physics and mathematics fields [1] . Especially in soliton theory, the study of symmetries is more important because of the following three important applications. The first is using symmetry to obtain new solutions from old ones [2–7 ]. The second is symmetry can be used to reduce dimensions of a partial differential equation(PDE) [8, 9]. The third one is that any flow equation corresponding to a symmetry of integrable models is an integrable one, that is to say, through symmetry a new soliton equation can be acquired [10–12 ]. For these reasons, there are many other interesting applications of the symmetry study [13–17 ]. Nonlocal symmetry as a generalization of the symmetry was first researched by Vinogradov and Krasil’shchik in 1980, which enlarges the class of symmetries and connected with integrable models. Compared with the local symmetry, the nonlocal symmetries of PDE are not easy to find and its similarity reductions cannot be calculated directly. However, the importance of the nonlocal symmetry has attracted many mathematicians to make great efforts to explore it and achieve fruitful results, such as in reference [4] , Galas presented the nonlocal Lie-Bäcklund symmetries by using the Pseudo-potentials, in [8], [18–20], Bluman, Euler et al. constructed nonlocal symmetries of PDES by using potential system, Lou, Hu and Chen derived the nonlocal symmetries from the Bäcklund transformation [21] . Recently, based on the auxiliary system (lax pair), Xin and Chen obtained the nonlocal symmetries for the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation [23] , Miao, Xin and Chen obtained the nonlocal symmetries for the Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur system [24] . Gao, Lou and Tang found that Painlevé analysis can be applied to obtain nonlocal symmetries corresponding to the residues with respect to the singular manifold of the truncated Painlevé expansion, which is also called residual symmetries [25] . Besides, considering the results obtained from nonlocal symmetry reduction, many references [26–32] have shown that nonlocal symmetry method is one of the effective tools to find nonlinear waves interacting with each other.

In this paper, further generalizing the method based on lax pair to construct nonlocal symmetries for the variables coefficient system, and then employing this method to the coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system, we achieve the nonlocal symmetries of system (2.1), and use the obtained nonlocal symmetries to construct group invariant solution for it. Because of the variables coefficient equation contain the corresponding constant coefficient equation, this study is very meaningful.

This paper is arranged as follows: in Section 2, nonlocal symmetries of coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system are obtained by using the Lax pair. In Section 3, by extending the original system, nonlocal symmetries are transformed into the Lie point symmetry, and the corresponding finite transformation group are given with Lie’s first theorem. In Section 4, some symmetry reductions and group invariant solutions of system (2.1) are obtained with lie point symmetry of prolonged system. A short conclusion and discussion is included in the last Section.

2. Nonlocal symmetries of the coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system

The coupled Newell-Whitehead system is given by

pt=12α(t)pxx−α(t)p2q+2β(t)p,qt=−12α(t)qxx+α(t)q2p−2β(t)q,(2.1)

where α(t) and β(t) are real functions of t, and p = p(x,t), q = q(x,t) real functions of x and t. When u = p = q, a(t)=12α(t), b(t) = −α(t) = −2β(t), the system (2.1) reduces to the following variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system,

ut=a(t)uxx+b(t)(u3−u).

The system (2.1) can efficiently describe many nonlinear phenomena which appear in fluid mechanics, plasma physics, thermonuclear reactions, and population proliferation. The literature [33] has studied the Darboux transformation and multi-soliton solutions for system (2.1), so our main objective in this paper is to obtain nonlocal symmetries for the coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system from its Lax pair, and further to localize the nonlocal symmetries by introducing potential variables, then by the method of symmetry reduction to derive the interaction solution of system (2.1). To the best of our knowledge, the nonlocal symmetries and interaction solution to the system (2.1) have not been discussed.

The lax pair of system (2.1) reads [33]

ϕx=Uϕ, ϕt=Vϕ,(2.2)

where

ϕ=(ϕ1ϕ2),U=(λpq−λ),V=(ABC−A)(2.3)

and

A=αλ2−12αpq+β, B=αpλ+12αpx, C=αqλ−12αqx.

For system (2.1), we consider the invariant property under

p→p+ɛσ1, q→q+ɛσ2, α→α+ɛσ3, β→β+ɛσ4,

that is to say, σⁱ (i = 1,...,4), are symmetries of p, q, α and β, which should satisfy the following linearized equations

σt1−12σ3pxx−12ασxx1+σ3p2q+2ασ1pq+αp2σ2−2σ4p−2βσ1=0,σt2+12σ3qxx−12ασxx2−σ3q2p−2ασ2qp−αq2σ1+2σ4q+2βσ2=0,(2.4)

and the symmetries σ¹, σ², σ³ and σ⁴ can be written as

σ1=X¯px+T¯pt−U¯,σ2=X¯qx+T¯qt−V¯,σ3=T¯αt−A1,σ4=T¯βt−B1,(2.5)

where X¯, T¯, U¯, V¯, A₁, B₁ are functions of x, t, p, q, α, β, ϕ₁, ϕ₂. Substituting Eq. (2.5) into Eq. (2.4), eliminating p_t, q_t, and ϕ₁_x, ϕ₁_t, ϕ₂_x, ϕ₂_t in terms of the lax pair (2.2), we derive a system of determining equations for the functions X¯, T¯, U¯, V¯, A₁, B₁, which on solving by Maple gives

X¯=F1(x), T¯=F2(t),U¯=c1¯ϕ2−pF3(t)+12pddxF1(x)+c2¯p,V¯=12qdF1(x)dx+c1¯ϕ22+F3(t)q,A1=α(−dF2(t)dt+2dF1(x)dx),B1=32pqxdF1(x)dx+12c2¯αqp−βdF2(t)dt−18αd3F1(x)dx3−12dF3(t)dt,(2.6)

where c1¯, c2¯ are arbitrary constants, F₁(x) arbitrary function of x, and F₂(t), F₃(t) arbitrary functions of t.

Remark 2.1.

From the results in (2.6), we find that the system (2.5) denotes the local symmetries of the coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system when c1¯=0, and when c1¯≠0 they are nonlocal symmetries.

3. Localization of the nonlocal symmetry

We know that Lie point symmetry can be applied to construct explicit solutions for PDEs, however, it is invalid for nonlocal symmetry. So we need to transform the nonlocal symmetries into local ones, especially into Lie point symmetries. Following this idea, we extend the original system to a closed prolonged system by introducing some auxiliary variables, and construct the Lie point symmetries for the prolonged system which contains the nonlocal symmetries (2.6) of the original system.

For simplicity, letting c1¯=1, c2¯=0, F₁(x) = 0, F₂(t) = 0, F₃(t) = 0 in (2.6), we obtain the following nonlocal symmetries for (2.1)

σ1=−ϕ12,σ2=−ϕ22,σ3=0,σ4=0.(3.1)

To localize the nonlocal symmetries (3.1), we have to solve the following linearized equations

σx5−λσ5−σ1ϕ2−pσ6=0,σx6+λσ6−σ2ϕ2−qσ5=0,−12σ4pxϕ2−12ασx1ϕ2−12αpxσ6−λ2σ4ϕ1−αλ2σ5−βσ5+σt5+12ασ1q1ϕ1+12αpσ2ϕ1+12αpqσ5−λσ4pϕ2−λασ1ϕ2−αpλσ6+12σ4pqϕ1=0,λ2σ4ϕ2+αλ2σ6+12σ4qxϕ1+12ασx2ϕ1+12αqxσ5+βσ6+σt6−12σ4pqϕ2−12ασ1qϕ2−12αpσ2ϕ2−12αpqσ6−λσ4qϕ1−λασ2ϕ1−αqλσ5=0,(3.2)

with σ¹, σ², σ³, σ⁴ given by (3.1), and σ⁵, σ⁶ satisfying the following transformations

ϕ1→ϕ1+ɛσ5,ϕ2→ϕ2+ɛσ6,f→f+ɛσ7.(3.3)

It is easy to verify that the solutions of (3.2) have the following forms

σ5=ϕ1f, σ6=ϕ2f,(3.4)

with f satisfying

fx=−ϕ1ϕ2,ft=−12α(pϕ22+4λϕ1ϕ2),(3.5)

whose corresponding symmetries are

σ7=σf=f2.(3.6)

Remark 3.1.

What is more interesting here is that the symmetry σ ^f shown in (3.6) indicates that the auxiliary-dependent variable f satisfying

α3Sx−16α2Cxλ+12αCCx−4αC4+4Cα4=0,C=ftfx,S=fxxxfx−32(fxxxfx)2,(3.7)

which is just the Schwartz form of the coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system (2.1). This may provide a new method to seek for the Schwartz form for PDEs, especially for the discrete integrable models, without using the Painlevé analysis.

From the expression (3.4), one can see that the nonlocal symmetries (3.1) in the original space x, t, p, q, α, β have been successfully localized to a lie point symmetries

σ1=−ϕ12σ2=−ϕ22σ3=0σ4=0σ5=ϕ1f,σ6=ϕ2f,σ7=f2,(3.8)

in the extended space x, t, p, q, α, β, ϕ₁, ϕ₂, f, and the prolonged equations of (2.1), (2.2) and (3.5) have the following the Lie point symmetry vector:

V=−ϕ12∂p−ϕ22∂q+0∂α+0∂β+ϕ1f∂ϕ1+ϕ2f∂ϕ2+f2∂f.(3.9)

To proceed, we study the finite symmetry transformation of the Lie point symmetry (3.9). According to Lie’s first theorem, solving the following initial value problem:

dp^(ɛ)dɛ=−ϕ12^(ɛ),p^(0)=p,dq^(ɛ)dɛ=−ϕ22^(ɛ),q^(0)=q,dα^(ɛ)dɛ=0,α^(0)=α,dβ^(ɛ)dɛ=0,β^(0)=β,dϕ1^(ɛ)dɛ=ϕ1^(ɛ)f^(ɛ),ϕ1^(0)=ϕ1,dϕ2^(ɛ)dɛ=ϕ2^(ɛ)f^(ɛ),ϕ2^(0)=ϕ2,df^(ɛ)dɛ=f2^(ɛ),f^(0)=f,(3.10)

will easily yield the symmetry group transformation theorem as follows.

Theorem 3.1.

If {p, q, α, β, ϕ₁, ϕ₂, f } is a solution to the prolonged system (2.1), (2.2) and (3.5), then so is the {p^, q^, α^, β^, ϕ1^, ϕ2^, f^} with

p^=p+ɛϕ121+ɛf,q^=q+ɛϕ221+ɛf,α^=α,ϕ1^=ϕ11+ɛf,ϕ2^=ϕ21+ɛf,β^=β.(3.11)

Remark 3.2.

From the Theorem 3.1. one can see that the finite symmetry transformation (3.11) can give a new solution p^, q^ from a given solution p, q for the system (2.1). It should be mentioned that the last expression in (3.10) is nothing but the Möbious transformation.

Next, we study the Lie point symmetries of the prolonged system instead of the single Eq. (2.1). According to the classical Lie point symmetry method, we assume that the vector of the symmetries has the following form

V=X∂∂x+T∂∂t+P∂∂t+Q∂∂q+A∂∂α+B∂∂β+P1∂∂ϕ1+P2∂∂ϕ2+F∂∂f,(3.12)

where X, T, P, Q, A, B, P₁, P₂, F are functions of x, t, p, q, α, β, ϕ₁, ϕ₂, f, which means that the closed system is invariant under the following infinitesimal transformations

(x,t,p,q,α,β,ϕ1,ϕ2,f)→(x+ɛX,t+ɛT,p+ɛP,q+ɛQ,α+ɛA,β+ɛB,ϕ1+ɛP1,ϕ2+ɛP2,x+ɛF)

with

σ1=Xpx+Tpt−P,σ2=Xqx+Tqt−Q,σ3=Tαt−A,σ4=Tβt−B,σ5=Xϕ1x+Tϕ1t−P1,σ6=Xϕ2x+Tϕ2t−P2,σ7=Xfx+Tft−F,(3.13)

the symmetries σⁱ (i = 1,...,7) are defined as the solution of the linearized equations of the prolonged systems, i.e., (2.4), (3.2) and

σx7+σ5ϕ2+ϕ1σ6=0,σt7+2σ3λϕ2ϕ1+2αλσ5ϕ2+12σ3pϕ22−12σ3qϕ12+12ασ1ϕ22−12αϕ12σ2+2αλσ6ϕ1+αpσ6ϕ2−ασ5ϕ1q=0(3.14)

Substituting Eq. (3.13) into (2.4), (3.2) and (3.14), eliminating the p_t, q_t, ϕ₁_x, ϕ₁_t, ϕ₂_x, ϕ₂_t, f_x, f_t, and collecting the coefficients of the independent partial derivatives of dependent variables p, q, α, β, we obtain a system of overdetermined linear equations for the infinitesimals X, T, P, Q, A, B, P₁, P₂, F, and by solving these determining equations, we can obtain the following results

X=c1,T=F4(t),P=c2ϕ12+F5(t)p,Q=c2ϕ22+F5(t)q,P1=12ϕ1(−2c2f+F5(t)+c3),P2=12ϕ2(2c2f+F5(t)−c3),A=−ddtF4(t)α,B=−ddtF4(t)β+12ddtF5(t),F=−c2f2+c3f+c4,(3.15)

where c_i (i = 1,...,4) are arbitrary constants, F₄(t), F₅(t) are functions of t. Specially, when setting c₁ = c₃ = F₃(t) = F₄(t) = F₅(t) = 0, and c₂ = −1, the above symmetries (3.15) are just the same ones with that of (3.8). If setting c₂ = c₃ = 0, and then the classical Lie point symmetry for system (2.1) can be given.

4. Symmetry reduction and group invariant solutions to the coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system

In order to derive the group invariant solutions in this Section, we solve the symmetry constraint conditions σⁱ = 0 (i = 1,...,7) defined by (3.13) with (3.15), which is equivalent to solving the following characteristic equation:

dxX=dtT=dpP=dqQ=dαA=dβB=dϕ1P1=dϕ2P2=dfF.(4.1)

Solving the characteristic equation (4.1) under the condition of c₂ ≠ 0, we obtain two nontrivial similar reductions and several substantial invariant solutions listed in the follows.

Case 1: c₄ ≠ 0

Without the loss of generality, we assume c₁ = 1, c₂ = 1, c₃ = 0, c₄ = k₁, F₄(t) = k₂, F₅(t) = k₃, with k₁, k₂, k₃ are arbitrary constants, so the similarity solutions can be obtained after solving out the characteristic equations (4.1)

p=−ek3tk2tanh(Θ)F22(ξ)−k1F4(ξ)k1,q=−e−k3tk2tanh(Θ)F32(ξ)−k1F5(ξ)k1,ϕ1=F2(ξ)tanh2(Θ−1)ek3t2k2,ϕ2=F3(ξ)tanh2(Θ−1)e−k3t2k2,α=C1,β=C2,f=k1tanh(Θ),(4.2)

where Θ=k1F1(ξ)+tk2, ξ=k2x−tk2. Substituting the expression (4.2) into the prolonged system, we show that F₂(ξ), F₃(ξ), F₄(ξ), and F₅(ξ) are of the forms:

F2(ξ)=C2exp(∫(−λ+F1ξξ2F1ξ−1C1k2+1C1F1ξ)dξ), F3(ξ)=k1F1ξk2F2,F4(ξ)=−4k2C1λF22F1ξ+k2C1F22F1ξξ−2F22F1ξ+2k2F222k1C1F1ξ2,F5(ξ)=4k1k2C1λF1ξ+k1k2C1F1ξξ+2k1F1ξ−2k1k22C1k22F22,(4.3)

where C₁, C₂ are arbitrary constants. Since the auxiliary dependent variable f satisfies the Schwartzian form (3.7) of the coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system, substituting f=k1tanh(Θ) into (3.7), we find that F₁ satisfies the following reduction equation

4k1C12F4Fξ−k22C12F2Fξξξ+4C12k22FFξFξξ−3C12k22Fξ3 −16C1k22λFFξ−8k2FFξ+12k22Fξ=0,(4.4)

where F(ξ) = F = F₁_ξ.

It is easy to verify that the equation (4.4) is equivalent to the following elliptic equation

Fξ=1k2C1L0+L1F+L2F2+L3F3+L4F4(4.5)

with

L0=4k22,L1=−16C1k22λ−8k2,L2=2C12C3k22,L3=−2C12C2k2,L4=4C12k1,(4.6)

where C₁, C₂, C₃ are arbitrary constants.

It is obvious that once the F₁ is solved with Eq. (4.4), F₂, F₃, F₄, F₅ can be obtained directly from Eq. (4.3). From Eq. (4.5), we know that F can be written in terms of Jacobi Elliptic functions, with F bearing the following form

F=b0+b1JacobiSN(ξ,n).(4.7)

Substituting Eq. (4.7) into Eq. (4.5) and solving the over-determined equations with Maple will yield

b0=0, b1=b1, k1=k1, k2=14b1λ, k3=−2b1, n=8k1λ,(4.8)

with k₁, b₁, λ ∈ R, 0 ⩽ n ⩽ 1. Substituting Eq. (4.7), (4.8) and F₁_ξ = F into Eq. (4.3) leads to the explicit solution of p, q. The result is omitted here because of its prolixity, but the corresponding images for p and q are as follows

In Fig. 1, we plot the interaction solutions between solitary waves and elliptic function waves expressed by (4.2) with parameters {k₁ = 1, k₂ = 10000, b₁ = 1000, k₃ = 10, C₁ = 0.10, C₂ = 0.1, λ = 0.001}.

Case 2: c₄ = 0

Assume c₁ = k₄, c₂ = k₅, c₃ = 0, c₄ = 0, F₁(t) = 1, F₄(t) = 1, with k₄, k₅ as arbitrary constants. Solving the following characteristic equations

dxk4=dt1=dp−k5ϕ12−p=dq−k5ϕ22+q=dα0=dβ0=dϕ112ϕ1(2k5f−1)=dϕ212ϕ2(2k5f+1)=dfk5f2.(4.9)

leads to the following results

p=et(−F22(ζ)k5t+F1(ζ)+F4(ζ)), q=e−t(−F32(ζ)k5t+F1(ζ)+F5(ζ)),ϕ1=e12tF2(ζ)k5t+F1(ζ), ϕ2=e−12tF3(ζ)k5t+F1(ζ), α=K1, β=K2, f=1k5t+F1(ζ),(4.10)

where ζ = −k₄t + x, K₁, K₂ are arbitrary constants.

Substituting Eq. (4.10) into the prolonged system yields

F2(ζ)=C2exp(∫(−λ−k4C1¯+F1ζζ2F1ζ+k5C1¯F1ζ)dζ), F3(ζ)=F1ζF2,F4(ζ)=−(4λC1¯F1ζ+2k4F1ζ−C1¯F1ζζ−2k5)2C1¯F1ζ2F22,F5(ξ)=4λC1¯F1ζ+2k4F1ζ+C1¯F1ζζ−2k52C1¯F22(4.11)

where C1¯ is an arbitrary constant and F = F(ζ) = F₁_ζ meets the reduced equation as follows

C12¯F2Fζζζ−4C12¯FFζFζζ+16k5λC1¯FFζ+3C12¯Fζ3+8k4k5FFζ−12k52Fζ=0,(4.12)

which is equivalent to the following elliptic equation

dF(ζ)dζ=−2C12¯C2¯F3(ζ)+2C12¯C3¯F2(ζ)−8(2k5λC1¯+k4k5)F(ζ)+4k52C1¯.(4.13)

Then, another type of soliton-cnodial wave solutions can be obtained via taking

F(ζ)=1L0+L1JacobiSN(ζ,m)(4.14)

into the reduced Eq. (4.12), which yields the following eight sets of solutions

{L0=±L1m,L1=L1,k4=−(C1+2C1λ),k5=∓C1m2L1},{L0=±L1m,L1=L1,k4=(C1−2C1λ),k5=±C1m2L1},{L0=±L1,L1=L1,k4=−(C1m+2C1λ),k5=∓C1m2L1},{L0=±L1,L1=L1,k4=(C1m+2C1λ),k5=±C1m2L1}.(4.15)

Substituting the expressions (4.15), (4.14) and (4.11) into (4.10) comes the exact solutions for the variable coefficient Newell-Whitehead system (2.1), which proves that the solutions p, q are rational functions.

5. Summary and Discussion

On the basis of the classical Lie point method and Lax pair, by making some changes of the assumption of the symmetry, we not only derive the local symmetries, but also the nonlocal ones to the variable coefficient Newell-Whitehead system. The latter is the prime object of this paper. By introducing the auxiliary variable, the nonlocal symmetries are readily localized to Lie point symmetry via extending the original system to a large system. Meanwhile, in the process of localization, the corresponding Schwartz form of the system (2.1) is given from the Lax pair. Then exploring the Lie group theorem to these local symmetries, the group invariant solutions of system (2.1) are derived. Moreover, by using standard Lie point symmetry approach to study the similarity reductions of the prolonged system, two types of group invariant solution are presented in this paper, including the special interaction solution between the soliton and the cnodial periodic wave, and the soliton with rational function solution. This kind of solution can be easily applicable to the analysis of physically interesting processes.

The method presented in this paper could be applied to other variable coefficient integrable models. One can also consider another interesting subject, the relationship between nonlocal symmetry obtained from the Lax pair and other methods, such as the truncated Painlevé expansion and Darboux transformation method. Furthermore, though the localization is the important step to expand application of the nonlocal symmetry, there is no universal way to estimate which type of nonlocal symmetry can be localized to the point symmetry, which will be discussed in our future work.

Acknowledgments

The project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11471004, 11775047, 11505090), The Chinese Post doctoral Science Foundation (No. 2020M673332), the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No. 2018JQ-1045), Research Award Foundation for Outstanding Young Scientists of Shandong Province (No. BS2015SF009) and the Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Xi’an (2017CGWL06), the Scientific research project of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education (No. 19JK0737).

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Journal: Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics
Volume-Issue: 27 - 4
Pages: 581 - 591
Publication Date: 2020/09/04
ISSN (Online): 1776-0852
ISSN (Print): 1402-9251
DOI: 10.1080/14029251.2020.1819601 How to use a DOI?
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

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ris enw bib

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Yarong Xia
AU  - Ruoxia Yao
AU  - Xiangpeng Xin
PY  - 2020
DA  - 2020/09/04
TI  - Nonlocal symmetries and group invariant solutions for the coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system
JO  - Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics
SP  - 581
EP  - 591
VL  - 27
IS  - 4
SN  - 1776-0852
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1080/14029251.2020.1819601
DO  - 10.1080/14029251.2020.1819601
ID  - Xia2020
ER  -

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Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics

Nonlocal symmetries and group invariant solutions for the coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system

1. Introduction

2. Nonlocal symmetries of the coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system

Remark 2.1.

3. Localization of the nonlocal symmetry

Remark 3.1.

Theorem 3.1.

Remark 3.2.

4. Symmetry reduction and group invariant solutions to the coupled variable-coefficient Newell-Whitehead system

Case 1: c4 ≠ 0

Case 2: c4 = 0

5. Summary and Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Cite this article

Case 1: c₄ ≠ 0

Case 2: c₄ = 0