Symmetries, Conservation Laws, Invariant Solutions and Difference Schemes of the One-dimensional Green-Naghdi Equations

V.A. Dorodnitsyn; E.I. Kaptsov; S.V. Meleshko

doi:10.2991/jnmp.k.200922.007

<Previous Article In Issue

Download article (PDF)

Next Article In Issue>

Volume 28, Issue 1, March 2021, Pages 90 - 107

Symmetries, Conservation Laws, Invariant Solutions and Difference Schemes of the One-dimensional Green-Naghdi Equations

Authors

V.A. Dorodnitsyn¹, E.I. Kaptsov¹^{, 2}, S.V. Meleshko²^{, *}

¹Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Science, Miusskaya Pl. 4, Moscow, 125047, Russia

²School of Mathematics, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand

^*Corresponding author. Email: sergey@math.sut.ac.th

Corresponding Author

S.V. Meleshko

Received 29 June 2020, Accepted 20 July 2020, Available Online 10 December 2020.

DOI: 10.2991/jnmp.k.200922.007 How to use a DOI?
Keywords: Lie group; group classification; invariant solutions; conservation laws; invariant difference schemes
Abstract: The paper is devoted to the Lie group properties of the one-dimensional Green-Naghdi equations describing the behavior of fluid flow over uneven bottom topography. The bottom topography is incorporated into the Green-Naghdi equations in two ways: in the classical Green-Naghdi form and in the approximated form of the same order. The study is performed in Lagrangian coordinates which allows one to find Lagrangians for the analyzed equations. Complete group classification of both cases of the Green-Naghdi equations with respect to the bottom topography is presented. Applying Noether’s theorem, the obtained Lagrangians and the group classification, conservation laws of the one-dimensional Green-Naghdi equations with uneven bottom topography are obtained. Difference schemes which preserve the symmetries of the original equations and the conservation laws are constructed. Analysis of the developed schemes is given. The schemes are tested numerically on the example of an exact traveling-wave solution.
Copyright: © 2020 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press B.V.
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

1. INTRODUCTION

An ideal fluid flows under the force of gravity can be modeled by means of the Euler equations. However, the full Euler equations are too complicated for describing waves on the surfaces of ideal fluid, in particular, because of free surface being a part of the solution. This difficulty motivated scientists for deriving simpler equations. One class of such equations is a class of shallow water equations. The classical approach of deriving the shallow water equations consists of approximation of the Euler equations for the irrotational flows. The hierarchy of the shallow water approximations is considered with respect to the shallowness parameter δ = h₀/L, where h₀ is the mean depth of the fluid, L is the typical length scale of the wave [29]¹. In particular, the Green-Naghdi equations, derived for describing the two-dimensional fluid flow over an uneven bottom, are accurate to the dispersive terms of order δ². The Green-Naghdi system of equations is the generalization of the equations derived first by Serre [39] and later by Su and Garden [42] to describe the one-dimensional propagation of fully nonlinear and weakly dispersive surface gravity waves over flat bottom. In the present paper we study the one-dimensional case of the Green-Naghdi equations.

Due to the significance of the Green-Naghdi model, there has been increasing interest in the numerical solving of the Green-Naghdi equations. The following numerical approaches have been developed for the Green-Naghdi system, based on either the finite difference, hybrid finite-difference finite-volume, pseudospectral and Galerkin/finite-element methods. Review of these methods can be found in [6, 16, 27, 33]. A numerical scheme developed in [17] is based on a different approach: the idea is to replace the dispersive Green-Naghdi equations by approximate hyperbolic equations. This approach was also applied in [18, 28].

In the present paper we use an approach based on the group properties of the Green-Naghdi equations. The group analysis method [34,35] yields exact solutions of differential equations, conservation laws via Noether’s theorem and a basis for invariant finite-difference schemes construction. Applications of group analysis to the Green-Naghdi equations with a horizontal bottom topography in Eulerian and Lagrangian coordinates were studied in [4, 40]. In particular, the authors of [40] applied Nother’s theorem for finding conservation laws of the Green-Naghdi equations. Notice that in order to apply the Noether theorem for finding conservation laws one needs to know an admitted Lie group. Another requirement is an existence of a Lagrangian providing that the underline equations are in the Euler-Lagrange form. This is one of the main advantages of the Lagrangian coordinates used in the present paper.

One of the main objectives of the present paper among the group classification and conservation laws is to construct a numerical scheme which inherits the group properties of the original equations. Earlier, in [13,14], this method was applied to the hyperbolic shallow water equations with an arbitrary bottom topography considered in Eulerian and Lagrangian coordinates. An invariant difference scheme possessing all difference analogues of the conservation laws was constructed there.

The one-dimensional Green-Naghdi equations describing surface gravity waves over uneven bottom have the form [5,19,24,30]

∂∂th+∂∂x(hu)=0,ddtu+g∂∂x(h+Hb)=εh(∂∂xA+B∂∂xHb), (1.1)

where h is the depth of the layer of fluid, u is the velocity, t is time, x is the Eulerian coordinate, H_b(x) is the function describing the bottom topography, ε = δ², ddt=∂∂t+u∂∂x is the material derivative, and

A=h2ddt(h3ux-12uHbx), B=hddt(h2ux-uHbx), (1.2)

Assuming that

Hb(x)=Hb0+ɛD(x), (Hb0=const),

or

Hb(x)=D(ɛx),

and cutting terms of order O(ε²), one obtains equations (1.1) with the mild slope approximation, where

A=h2ddt(h3ux), B=0. (1.3)

It should be noted here that for ε = 0 equations (1.1) become the hyperbolic shallow water equations. Symmetries, conservation laws and numerical schemes based on their group properties of the one-dimensional hyperbolic shallow water equations with different type of bottom topographies have been analyzed in Eulerian and Lagrangian coordinates in [1–4, 13–15, 23, 40].

In the present paper the one-dimensional equations (1.1) in mass Lagrangian coordinates (s, t) with the functions A and B of the form either (1.2) or (1.3) are studied. In [40], it is shown that the Green-Naghdi equations with horizontal plane bottom are equivalent to the Euler-Lagrange equation written in the mass Lagrangian coordinates. For the one-dimensional Green-Naghdi equations with uneven bottom there is the problem of finding a Lagrangian. If the Lagrangian is found, then one can apply Noether’s theorem for finding conservation laws.

Another objective of the present paper is to construct conservative numerical schemes which preserve both a symmetry of original differential equations and difference analogs of conservation laws.

The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 is devoted to the study of equations (1.1), (1.2) in Lagrangian coordinates: corresponding Lagrangians are found, and the group classification is carried out. Applying Noether’s theorem, conservation laws in Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinates are derived. Then, the similar study of equations (1.1), (1.3) is given in Section 3, where it is also shown that equations (1.1), (1.3) with a flat bottom topography H_b = qx + β are locally equivalent to the Green-Naghdi equations with a horizontal bottom topography H_b = const. Preliminary information essential for further construction of conservative finite-difference schemes is given in Section 4. A new three-layer invariant conservative finite-difference scheme for the Green-Naghdi equations with a horizontal flat bottom topography is constructed in Section 5. At the end of Section 5, the possibilities of extending the obtained difference scheme to the case of an arbitrary bottom profile are discussed. Application of the scheme for analysis of traveling wave type solutions of the Green-Naghdi equations are considered in Section 6. The results are summarized in Conclusion.

2. EQUATIONS (1.1), (1.2) IN LAGRANGIAN COORDINATES

2.1. Eulerian and Lagrangian Coordinates

Relations between Lagrangian Coordinates (t, ξ ) and Eulerian coordinates (t, x) for the one-dimensional case are defined by the condition x = φ(t, ξ), where the function φ(t, ξ ) is the solution of the Cauchy problem

φt(t,ξ)=u(t,φ(t,ξ)), φ(t0,ξ)=ξ. (2.1)

In Lagrangian coordinates, the general solution of the mass conservation law equation is

h(t,φ(t,ξ))=h0(ξ)φξ(t,ξ),

where h₀(ξ) is an arbitrary function of the integration such that h(t₀, ξ) = h₀(ξ). Introducing the mass Lagrangian coordinate s [37] by the equation

ξ=α(s), (2.2)

where α′ (s) = h₀(α(s)), one obtains that in the mass Lagrangian coordinates (t, s)

h˜(t,s)≡h(t,φ(t,α(s)))=1φ˜s(t,s).

Here the functions φ˜(t,s) and φ(t, ξ) are related by the formula

φ˜(t,s)=φ(t,α(s)).

Hence, the mass Lagrangian coordinates are defined by the equations

φ˜t(s,t)=u˜(s,t), φ˜s(s,t)=h˜-1(s,t).

where ũ(s, t) = u(φ(α(s), t), t). The sign tilde ~ is further omitted. In order to derive representations of the Green-Naghdi equations in the mass Lagrangian coordinates one can use the following relations:

ux=φtsh, ut=φtt-uux, hx=-φssh3,uxx=φtss+uxhxh-1, utx=φttsh-(uuxx+ux2),utt=φttt-(u2uxx+2uutx+uux2+uxut), hxx=-φsssh4+3hx2h-1,utxx=φttssh2-(uuxxx+3uxuxx-h-1(uuxx+ux2+utx)hx).

The corresponding equation becomes

ε(-3Hb″'φt2φs5-6Hb″Hb'φt2φs6+6Hb″φt2φs3φss-6Hb″φtφtsφs4-3Hb″φttφs5-6Hb'2φttφs6+6Hb'φttφs3φss-6Hb'φts2φs3-8φttsφsφss+2φttssφs2+20φts2φss-8φtsφtssφs)+6φs3(-Hb'φs3g-φttφs3+φssg)=0. (2.3)

2.2. Search for a Lagrangian

For finding a Lagrangian for which equation (2.3) is the Euler-Lagrange equation one has to solve the following problem. Let ℒ(t, s, φ_t, φ_s, φ_tt, φ_ts, φ_ss) be a corresponding Lagrangian. Then, substituting ℒ into the equation² δLδφ=0 , excluding the derivative φ_ttss found from equation (2.3), and splitting it with respect to the parametric derivatives

φttt, φtts, φtss, φsss,φtttt,φttts,φtsss,φssss,

one obtains an overdetermined system of equations for the function ℒ. The general solution of these equations such that 2ℒφttφss+ℒφtsφts≠0 gives the sought Lagrangian. Calculations, performed in symbolic manipulation system Reduce [20], give that the general solution contains several arbitrary constants and unknown functions. These functions satisfy a compatible system of partial differential equations. As the general form of the Lagrangian is cumbersome, we only present here a particular case of the Lagrangian

ℒ=12φt2(1+ɛ(Hb'2-Hb'φs-3φss+12Hb″φs-1))+16φs-4(ɛφts2-3gφs2(2Qbφss+φs)).

where Qb'(φ)=Hb(φ) .

2.3. Group Analysis of Equation (2.3)

To find equivalence transformations we used the infinitesimal criterion [35]. For this purpose the determining equations for the components of generators of one-parameter groups of equivalence transformations were derived. The solution of these determining equations gives the general form of elements of the equivalence algebra of the class (2.3). The basis elements of the equivalence algebra of the class (2.3) are

X1e=φ∂φ+4s∂s+t∂t+2Hb∂Hb,X2e=∂Hb,X3e=φ∂φ+s∂s+t∂t+2ɛ∂ε,X4e=t∂t-2g∂g,X5e=∂φ,X6e=∂s,X7e=∂t.

In the group classification we use the transformations corresponding to the generators X1e and X2e which are

φ˜=eaφ, t˜=eat, s˜=e4as,H˜b=e2aHb

and

H˜b=Hb+a,

where a is a group parameter and only changeable variables are presented. The generators X3e and X4e allow reducing the constants g and ε to the simple case g = 1 and ε = 1.

It should be noted that the Galilean transformation corresponding to the generator X9e=t∂φ is absent among the equivalence transformations. This is related with the property that the bottom does not depend on time t.

There are also the obvious involutions

E1: t˜=-t,E2: φ˜=-φ, s˜=-s.

Calculations show that the kernel of admitted Lie algebras is defined by the generators

∂t, ∂s.

An extension of the kernel only occurs for a linear bottom

Hb=qx+β, (2.4)

where without loss of generality one can assume that β = 0. The extension is defined by the generators

∂φ, t∂φ, t∂t+4s∂s+2φ∂φ.

Remark 2.1.

The same Lie group is admitted by the equations with the horizontal bottom (q = 0) studied in [40]. The coincidence of the admitted Lie groups proposes to assume that the Green-Naghdi equations with a flat bottom topography (2.4) are equivalent to the Green-Naghdi equations with a horizontal bottom q = 0. We have checked that if such a transformation exists, then it is not among the point transformations of the form

h¯=f1(t,x)u+f2(t,x)h+f0(t,x), u¯=g1(t,x)u+g2(t,x)h+g0(t,x),x¯=γ1(t,x), t¯=γ2(t,x).

We have also checked that it is not among the point transformations of the form

φ¯=f1(t,s)φ+f0(t,s), s¯=γ1(t,s), t¯=γ2(t,s).

Remark 2.2.

Eq. (2.3) with flat bottom topography (2.4) have the same representations of invariant solutions as the Green-Naghdi equations with a horizontal bottom q = 0 given in [40].

2.4. Conservation Laws

A conservation law of equations either (1.1), (1.2) or (1.1), (1.3) in Lagrangian coordinates is considered in the following local form

DtTt+DsTs=0,

where the densities T^t and T^s depend on

(t,s,φ,φt,φs,φtt,φts,φss,φttt,φtts,φtss,φsss).

Its counterpart in Eulerian coordinates has the form

DteTt+DxTx=0,

where

eTt=hTt, Tx=huTt+Ts. (2.5)

Notice that if a generator X = ξ^t∂_t + ξ^s∂_s + ζ∂_φ is either variational or divergently variational, then there exist such functions B^t and B^s that [21]

Xℒ+ℒ(Dtξt+Dsξs)=DtBt+DsBs.

Hence, for either variational or divergently variational generator X, one has that

δδφ(Xℒ+ℒ(Dtξt+Dsξs))=0. (2.6)

2.4.1. Conservation laws corresponding to the kernel of admitted Lie algebras

Conservation laws are obtained by applying Noether’s theorem.

The generator ∂_s provides the conservation law with the densities:

T1t=ɛφs-3φtss-3φt(2φs(1+Hb'2)+ɛHb″)+φs-4φss(6Hb'φtφs2-5φts),T1s=ɛφs-3φtts+3φt2(1+Hb'2)-6φs-2(ɛHb'φtφts+gφs)-6gHb.

In Eulerian coordinates the counterpart conservation law has the densities

eT1t=ɛh2vxx+4ɛhhxvx-6v-3ɛv(Hb″h+2Hb'2+2Hb'hx),T1x=ɛh2(vtx+vx2)+2ɛh2vvxx+2ɛhvvx(2hx-3Hb')-6g(Hb+h)-3v2(1+Hb″ɛh+Hb'2ɛ+2Hb'ɛhx).

The generator ∂_t gives the conservation law of energy with the densities:

T2t=-6φt2(1+ɛHb'2)+φs-5(2ɛφtφtssφs-8ɛφtφtsφss-6φs4g-3Hb″ɛφt2φs4+6Hb'ɛφt2φs2φss+12Qbφs3φss),T2s=φs-4(2ɛφtφtts-2ɛφttφts-6φtφs2g-3Hb″ɛφt3φs2-6Hb'ɛφt2φtsφs-12Qbφtsφs2-12φtφs3gHb).

In Eulerian coordinates the densities of the corresponding conservation law are

eT2t=12(-3Hb″ɛh2v2-6Hb'2ɛhv2-6Hb'ɛhhxv2-12Qbhx+2ɛh3vvxx+6ɛh2hxvvx-6gh2-6hv2),T2x=-3Hb″ɛh2v3-3Hb'2ɛhv3-3Hb'ɛh2v2vx-3Hb'ɛhhxv3-6Qbhvx-6Qbhxv+2ɛh3v2vxx+ɛh3vvtx-ɛh3vtvx+3ɛh2hxv2vx-6gHbhv-6gh2v-3hv3.

2.4.2. Flat bottom topography

In this case one has that H_b = qx.

Using the general solution for a Lagrangian, it can be shown that the generator X = t∂_t + 4s∂_s + 2φ∂_φ does not satisfy the condition (2.6).

The generator t∂_φ corresponding to the Galilean transformation provides the conservation law with the densities:

T1t=3gqt2+6(1+ɛq2)(tφt-φ)-3ɛφs-1q+tφs-5(2ɛφss(φts-3qφtφs2)-ɛφtssφs),T1s=φs-4(t(6ɛφtφtsφsq-ɛφtts+3φs2g)+ɛφts-3ɛφtφs2q).

In Eulerian coordinates this conservation law gives a the center-of-mass law:

eT1t=h(6(ɛq2+1)(tv-x)-3ɛqh+6ɛqhxtv-ɛh2tvxx-3ɛhhxtvx+3gqt2),T1x=h(6ɛq2tv2-6ɛq2vx+6ɛqhtvvx-6ɛqhv+6ɛqhxtv2-2ɛh2tvvxx-ɛh2tvtx-ɛh2tvx2+ɛh2vx-3ɛhhxtvvx+3gqt2v+3ght+6tv2-6vx).

The generator ∂_φ provides the conservation law with the densities:

T2t=6φt(1+ɛq2)+6gqt+φs-5(2ɛφss(2φts-3qφtφs2)-ɛφtssφs),T2s=φs-4(6ɛφtφtsφsq-ɛφtts+3φs2g),

which in Eulerian coordinates corresponds the conservation law of momentum with the densities:

eT2t=h(6ɛq2v+6ɛqhxv-ɛh2vxx-3ɛhhxvx+6gqt+6v),T2x=h(6ɛq2v2+6ɛqhvvx+6ɛqhxv2-2ɛh2vvxx-ɛh2vtx-ɛh2vx2-3ɛhhxvvx+6gqtv+3gh+6v2).

3. EQUATIONS (1.1), (1.3) IN LAGRANGIAN COORDINATES

3.1. Lagrangian Coordinates

Similar analysis of equations (1.1), (1.2) gives that in mass Lagrangian coordinates equations (1.1), (1.3) are equivalent to the equation

ɛ3(φttssφs2-4φs(φssφtts+φtsφtss)+10φts2φss)-φs3(φttφs3-gφss)=gɛφs6Hb'. (3.1)

Following the same method of finding a Lagrangian for equation (3.1) as in the previous section, we derived the general form of the Lagrangian. A particular form of the Lagrangian providing equation (3.1) as the Euler-Lagrange equation δℒδφ=0 is

ℒ=12(φt2-12gφs-1)+16ɛφts2φs-4-ɛgHb.

3.2. Equivalence Transformations

3.2.1. Equivalence group

Calculations give that equivalence group is defined by the generators

Y1e=t∂t+4s∂s+2φ∂φ+2Hb∂Hb,X2e=∂Hb,Y3e=2t∂t+5s∂s+3φ∂φ+2ɛ∂ε,X4e=t∂t-2g∂g,X5e=∂φ,X6e=∂s,X7e=∂t.

As in the previous case there are also the obvious involutions

E1: t˜=-t,E2: φ˜=-φ, s˜=-s.

3.2.2. Flat bottom

Consider the topography

Hb=qx+β.

Because of the equivalence transformation corresponding to the generator Y1e , one can assume that q² = 1. Direct calculations show that the change either

t˜=t+12gɛ, x˜=qx+12gɛt2+k1t+k2,u˜=qu+gɛt+k1, h˜=h,

or

t˜=k(t+k2gɛ), x˜=k2(qx+12gɛt2)+k2,u˜=k(qu+gɛt), h˜=k2h,

reduces equations (1.1), (1.3) to the horizontal flat bottom H˜b=0 . Here k ≠ 0, k₁ and k₂ are arbitrary constants. As the case with the horizontal flat bottom is studied in [40], it is excluded from our further consideration.

Remark 3.1.

The property of the reduction of the shallow water equations with a flat bottom topography to the equations with the horizontal flat bottom is known for the one-dimensional hyperbolic shallow water equations [10]. For the two-dimensional hyperbolic shallow water equations it is proven in [31].

3.3. Group Classification

The kernel of admitted Lie algebras is defined by the generators

∂t, ∂s.

Extensions of the kernel occur for

Hb(x)=kx2+αx+β, (k≠0),

where without loss of generality one can assume that α = 0 and β = 0. The extensions depend on the sign of k:

if k=q22∈g>0 , then the extension is given by the generators

sin(qt)∂φ, cos(qt)∂φ.

if k=-q22∈g<0 , then the extension is given by the generators

eqt∂φ, e-qt∂φ.

Remark 3.2.

Similar extensions of a kernel of admitted Lie groups occur for the one-dimensional hyperbolic shallow water equations with a parabolic bottom topography [13,14,23]. In the case of two-dimensional hyperbolic shallow equations with a constant Coriolis parameter such type of extensions also occur for a circular paraboloid [25,31]. In the paper of Chesnokov [8] it was noted that for a circular parabolic bottom the admitted Lie algebra found in [25] is isomorphic to the Lie algebra admitted by the classical shallow water equations with a horizontal bottom H_b = const and zero Coriolis parameter. In [8, 31] it is proven that two-dimensional hyperbolic shallow equations with a constant Coriolis parameter with a circular parabolic bottom topography are locally equivalent to the classical gas dynamics equations.

3.4. Conservation Laws

3.4.1. Kernel of admitted Lie algebras

The kernel of admitted Lie algebras ∂_s and ∂_t gives the conservation laws with the densities, respectively:

T1t=ɛφs-4(φtssφs-5φtsφss)-6φtφs,T1s=φs-3(ɛφtts-6φs2g)+3φt2-6ɛgHb.

and

T2t=ɛφs-5φt(φtssφs-4φtsφss)-3(2ɛgHb+φt2+φs-1g),T2s=φs-4(ɛφtφtts-ɛφttφts-3gφtφs2).

Counterparts of these conservation laws in Eulerian coordinates have the densities:

eT1t=ɛh2vxx+4ɛhhxvx-6v,T1x=ɛh2(vtx+vx2)+2ɛh2vvxx+4ɛhhxvvx-6gh-3v2-6ɛgHb,

and

eT2t=h(ɛh2vvxx+3ɛhhxvvx-3v2-3gh-6ɛgHb),T2x=h(ɛh2v(2vvxx+vtx)-ɛh2vtvx+3ɛhhxv2vx-6ghv-3v3-6ɛgHbv).

3.4.2. Parabolic bottom topography

Using the general solution for a Lagrangian, it can be shown that the generators e^qt∂_φ and e⁻^qt∂_φ corresponding to the case k = −q²/(2εg) do not satisfy the condition (2.6). The other two generators sin(qt)∂_φ and cos(qt)∂_φ corresponding to the case k = q²/(2εg) provide the conservation laws, respectively:

T3t=6cos(qt)φsqs+φs-5sin(qt)(4ɛφtsφss-ɛφtssφs+6φtφs5),T3s=6qs(sin(qt)φq-cos(qt)φt)+φs-4(ɛcos(qt)φtsq-ɛsin(qt)φtts+3sin(qt)φs2g),

and

T4t=6(cos(qt)φt-sin(qt)φsqs)+ɛcos(qt)φs-5(4φtsφss-φtssφs),T4s=6qs(cos(qt)φq+sin(qt)φt)-φs-4(cos(qt)ɛφtts-3cos(qt)φs2g+sin(qt)ɛφtsq).

In Eulerian coordinates the counterparts of these conservation laws contain the variable s, which satisfy the equations

st=-hv, sx=h.

These conservation laws have the densities:

eT3t=6cos(qt)sq+sin(qt)h(6v-ɛh2vxx-3ɛhhxvx),T3x=cos(qt)ɛqh3vx+sin(qt)(6sq2x+6hv2-2ɛh3vvxx-ɛh3vtx-ɛh3vx2-3ɛh2hxvvx+3gh2),

and

eT4t=cos(qt)h(ɛh2vxx+3ɛhhxvx-6v)+6sin(qt)sq,T4x=cos(qt)(2ɛh3vvxx+ɛh3vtx+ɛh3vx2+3ɛh2hxvvx-3gh2-6sq2x-6hv2)+sin(qt)ɛqh3vx.

4. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE GREEN-NAGHDI EQUATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTING FINITE-DIFFERENCE SCHEMES

4.1. Conservative Form of the Equations in Lagrangian Variables

Before construction of finite-difference schemes we rewrite the Green-Naghdi equations for a horizontal bottom topography

2γ(xs2xttss-4xsxssxtts-4xsxtsxtss+10xts2xss)+xs3(2xss-xs3xtt)=0, (4.1)

where the following notations are used: φ = x and γ ∝ ε. In a conservative form the latter equation becomes

Dt(xt)+Ds(1xs2)-2γDs(xsxtts-2xts2xs5)=0, (4.2)

where it is assumed that x_s ≠ 0.

The local conservation laws of momentum, energy, and center-of-mass law can be rewritten as follows

∂x: Dt(xt)+Ds(1xs2-2γ(xsxtts-2xts2)xs5)=0, (4.3)

t∂x: Dt(txt-x)+Ds(t(1xs2-2γ(xsxtts-2xts2)xs5))=0, (4.4)

∂t: Dt(xt22+1xs+γxts2xs4)+Ds(xt(1xs2-2γ(xsxtts-2xts2)xs5))=0. (4.5)

The conservation law of mass automatically follows from the symmetry of second derivatives x_ts = x_st.

4.2. The Green-Naghdi Equations in Hydrodynamic Variables

Here we represent the Green-Naghdi equations in hydrodynamic variables u(t, s), ρ(t, s), where ρ³ is the depth of the fluid over the bottom and s, as before, is the mass Lagrangian coordinate.

It turns out to be especially convenient to use hydrodynamic variables in finite-difference space [13]. This allows transition from a three-layer finite-difference schemes to a two-layer ones.

The shallow water equations in hydrodynamic variables are obtained by the change

xs=1ρ, xt=u. (4.6)

The Green-Naghdi equations become

(1ρ)t=us, (4.7)

ut+2ρρs=2γ(ρ4(uts-2ρus2))s, (4.8)

where the first equation follows from the symmetry of second-order derivatives of the variable x.

The variable p(t, s) which was introduced in [36] by the relation

p=ρ2, (4.9)

allows one to rewrite (4.8) as follows

ut+ps=2γ(p2(uts-2pus2))s. (4.10)

The local conservation laws of momentum (4.3), energy (4.5), and center-of-mass law (4.4) become

Dt(u)+Ds(ρ2-2γp2(uts-2pus2))=0, (4.11)

Dt(tu-x)+Ds(t[ρ2-2γp2(uts-2pus2)])=0, (4.12)

Dt(u22+pρ+γ(pρus)2)+Ds(u[ρ2-2γp2(uts-2pus2)])=0. (4.13)

5. INVARIANT DIFFERENCE SCHEMES

5.1. Invariant Conservative Scheme

For constructing difference scheme one needs 9-nods stencil (see Figure 1), which has three-layers in time

(t,s,x)=(tn,tn-1,tn+1;sm,sm-1,sm+1;xmn,xm+1n,xmn+1,xmn+1,xm+1n+1,xm-1n+1,xmn-1,xm+1n-1,xm-1n-1), xm+qn+p=x(tn+p,sm+q), p,q∈𝕑, (5.1)

Here n- and m-indices correspond to the time and space layers appropriately, and the point (n, m) is fixed. For the sake of brevity we also use the following notation [38]

(t,s,x)=(t,ť,t^;s,s-,s+;x,x+,x-,x^,x^+,x^-,x̌,x̌+,x̌-,) (5.2)

Here and further the simplest orthogonal regular mesh is considered

τ-=τ+=τ=tn+p+1-tn+p=const,h-=h+=h=sm+q+1-sm+q=const, p,q∈𝕑, (5.3)

which is invariant with respect to the operators admitted by the original differential equation (see also finite-difference invariants (5.8)).

Indices of finite-difference variables are shifted by the finite-difference shift operators S±τ and S±s that defined as follows

S+τ(f(tn,sm))=f(tn+τ,sm)=f(t^,s)=f^, S-τ(f(tn,sm))=f(tn-τ,sm)=f(ť,s)=f̌,S+s(f(tn,sm))=f(tn,sm+h)=f(t,s+)=f+, S-s(f(tn,sm))=f(tn,sm-h)=f(t,s-)=f-.

The finite-difference total differentiation operators are defined through the shifts as

D+τ=S+τ-1tn+1-tn, D-τ=1-S-τtn-tn-1, D+s=S+s-1sm+1-sm, D-s=1-S-ssm-sm-1,

and the following notation is used for difference derivatives

xt=D+τ(x), xť=D-τ(x), xtť=D+τD-τ(x), xtťt=D+τD-τD+τ(x),xs=D+s(x), xs¯=D-s(x), xss¯=D+sD-s(x), xss¯s=D+sD-sD+s(x), etc.

Notice that the operators S±τ , S±s , D±τ and D±s commute in any combination on uniform orthogonal meshes so that the following relations are valid

x̌t=xť, x̌tt=xťt=xtť, xs-=xs¯, xss-=xs¯s=xss¯, etc.

On the 9-nods stencil there was constructed invariant scheme for shallow water equations in [13]:

xťt+D-s[1x^sx̌s]=0, τ^=τ̌=τ=const, h+=h-=h=const, (5.4)

which possesses the whole number of appropriate conservation laws.

Analysis of the scheme along with consideration of difference invariants (5.8) suggests the following invariant extension for equation (5.4)

xťt+D-s[1x^sx̌s]-2γD-s[1x^s2x̌s2(xtťs-2xtsxťsxs)]=0,τ-=τ+=τ=const, h-=h+=h=const. (5.5)

The scheme can also be obtained with the help of the finite-difference analog of so-called the ‘direct method’ (see [9,13,14] for discussion in detail).

Scheme (5.5) approximates equation (4.2) to the order O(τ² + h²). It possesses the following local difference conservation laws:

1.
Conservation law of mass:
D-τ(xˆs)-D-s(xt+)=0. (5.6)

It automatically follows from the commutativity of the finite-difference differentiation on a uniform orthogonal mesh;
2.

Conservation law of momentum:
D-τ(xt)+D-s[1x^sx̌s-2γx^s2x̌s2(xtťs-2xtsxťsxs)]=0;
3.

Center-of-mass law:
D-τ(txt-x)+D-s[t1x^sx̌s-t2γx^s2x̌s2(xtťs-2xtsxťsxs)]=0;
4.

Conservation law of energy:
D-τ[xt22+12(1xs+1x^s)+γ{D+τ(1xs)}2]+D-s[xt++x̌t+2{1x^sx̌s-2γx^s2x̌s2(xtťs-2xtsxťsxs)}]=0.

5.2. Invariant Representation of Scheme (5.5)

Scheme (5.5) admits the same Lie algebra as its differential counterpart, i.e., the generators

X1=∂t, X2=∂s, X3=∂x, X4=t∂x, X5=t∂t+4s∂s+2x∂x. (5.7)

In 15-dimensional space of the difference stencil (5.2), there are 15 – 5 = 10 difference invariants:

I1=τ+τ-, I2=h+h-, I3=h-τ-4,I4=x+-xτ-2, I5=x̌+-x̌τ-2, I6=x-x-τ-2,I7=x^-x^-τ-2, I8=x^+-x^τ-2, I9=x̌-x̌-τ-2,I10=(x^-x̌)t+(x-x^)ť+(x̌-x)t^τ-3. (5.8)

Using the difference invariants (5.8), scheme (5.5) can be represented as follows

I10I1+I3(I22I5I8-1I7I9)+2γ I32I1{I23I8I52(1-2 I5I4+(I4-I5)I1-I4+2 I5I8) +2 I9-I6I6 I7I92-(I6-I9)I1+2 I9-I6I72I92}=0,I1=1, I2=1.

Hence, the invariant scheme and mesh are constructed. They possess the difference analogs of all conservation laws.

Remark 5.1.

All the generators (5.7) preserve the mesh uniformness and orthogonality (see criterion in [12]). This requirement is necessary for constructing invariant difference schemes on uniform orthogonal meshes, and it is often satisfied for the hydrodynamics-type schemes in Lagrangian coordinates.

5.3. Scheme (5.5) in Hydrodynamic Variables

Here we introduce finite-difference hydrodynamic variables through the relations constructed in [13] for the shallow water difference scheme, namely

xt=u, xs=1p, (5.9)

1p̌+1p=2ρ̌. (5.10)

The latter relation is an implicit approximation of equation (4.9), which allows one to preserve difference conservation laws.

Relations (5.9) and (5.10) allow one to write the scheme (5.5) in hydrodynamic variables on two time layers, i.e., to obtain a two-level scheme. But at the same time the additional equations must be added to the scheme. Hence, scheme (5.5) becomes

D-τ(1ρ)-D-s(u++ǔ+2)=0,D-τ(u)+D-s(W)=0,xt=u, xs=1p, 1p̌+1p=2ρ̌,h+=h-, τ+=τ-, (5.11)

where

W=[4ρρ̌-2p(1ρ+1ρ̌)+1p]-1 -2γ pp̌ρ2(2p-ρ)2(ǔts-2usǔsp). (5.12)

The scheme is defined on 6-point stencil (see Figure 2). One can check that equations of the system approximate system (4.7), (4.10) to the order O(τ + h). Notice that the first equation of system (5.11) follows from the equality

D-τ(xs+x^s)=D-s(xt++x̌t+)

that is correct on the uniform orthogonal mesh.

The conservation laws of scheme (5.11) are the following:

1.

The conservation of mass
D-τ(1ρ)-D-s(u++ǔ+2)=0; (5.13)
2.

The conservation law of momentum:
D-τ(u)+D-s(W)=0; (5.14)
3.

The center-of-mass law:
D-τ(tu-x)+D-s(tW)=0; (5.15)
4.

The conservation law of energy:
D-τ(u22+p2p-ρ+γ[pρus2p-ρ]2)+D-s(u++ǔ+2 W)=0. (5.16)

5.4. On Extensions of the Scheme to the Case of Arbitrary Bottom

For model (1.1), (1.3) invariant scheme (5.5) can be extended to the case of an arbitrary bottom H(x) in the same manner as it was done in [13]. Indeed, adding

D-τH(x)+D+τH(x)xt+x̌t

to the left-hand side of equation (5.5), one gets the scheme that preserves the conservation laws of mass (5.6) and energy:

D-τ[xt22+12(1xs+1x^s)+γ{D+τ(1xs)}2-H(x)-H(x^)]+D-s[xt++x̌t+2{1x^sx̌s-2γx^s2x̌s2(xtťs-2xtsxťsxs)}]=0.

The construction of an invariant scheme that conserves both energy and momentum meets considerable difficulties. A separate example of invariant scheme that conserves momentum was proposed in [13] for the shallow water equations with an arbitrary bottom. It can be also generalized to the case of the Green-Naghdi equations.

6. TRAVELLING-WAVE TYPE SOLUTION FOR THE FINITE-DIFFERENCE SCHEME

6.1. Travelling-Wave Type Solution in Lagrangian Coordinates

To analyze some numerical properties of the constructed scheme, we consider Serre’s travelling-wave type solution [39] of the Green-Naghdi equations. In Eulerian coordinates, this type of solutions is invariant with respect to the generator ∂_t and has the form⁴

u(x)=-kρ(x), ρ(x)=R0+A sech2(μx), (6.1)

where

k2=2R02(A+R0), μ2=A8γR02(A+R0). (6.2)

In Lagrangian coordinates, the solution corresponds to the set of solutions invariant with respect to the generator ∂_t + ∂_s [40]. It has the following representation

x(t,s)=ψ(λ), λ=s-t.

The reduced equation (4.2) is

2γ(ψ(4)(ψ')2-8ψ″'ψ″ψ'+10(ψ″)3)+ψ″(ψ')3(2-(ψ')3)=0,

According to conservative form (4.2) of the equations, it can be rewritten as

ψ″+Dλ((ψ')-2)-2γDλ((ψ')-4(ψ″'-2(ψ″)2ψ'))=0. (6.3)

Using the change

ψ″=Θ(ζ), ψ'=ζ, Dλ=ΘDζ,

equation (6.3) becomes

{1+Dζ(1ζ2)-2γDζ[Θζ4(Θ'-2Θζ)]}Θ=0. (6.4)

If Θ = 0, then one gets the trivial solution

x=λ.

In case Θ ≠ 0 equation (6.4) has the first integral

ζ+1ζ2-2γΘζ4(Θ'-2Θζ)=B=const, (6.5)

and a particular solution corresponding to Serre’s solution (6.1) is

Θ2(ζ)=ζ32γ(ζ-1R0)2(ζ-1R0+A). (6.6)

In Eulerian coordinates it has the form

ρ˜x2=ρ˜32γ(1ρ˜-1R0)2(1ρ˜-1R0+A), ρ˜=ρ˜(t,x), (6.7)

and in mass Lagrangian coordinates it is

ρs2=ρ2γ(1ρ-1R0)2(1ρ-1R0+A), ρ=ρ(t,s). (6.8)

Notice that Serre’s solution satisfy the higher-order equation (6.3) only if R₀ and A are related as follows

A=1-2R032R02.

In order to perform computations in mass Lagrangian coordinates, one must find the initial distribution which correspond to solution (6.1). Hence, one must solve the Cauchy problem (2.1). For Serre’s solution it has the form

1(x(0,s))s=R0+A sech2(μx(0,s)), x(0,s0)=x0, (6.9)

where

s0=∫0x0(R0+A sech2(μz))dz

is mass of the fluid at point x = x₀. Then, the initial conditions must satisfy the following relations

x(0,s)=z0(s)μ, where e2z0(μ(s0-s)+A+z0R0)+μ(s0-s)-A+z0R0=0. (6.10)

The solution for R₀ = 0.75, γ = 1 is given in Figure 3 (left). The center of the soliton solution is shifted to the point x_c = 50. The right side of Figure 3 demonstrates the numerical error of the transformations. The numerical solutions in Eulerian (6.7) and mass Lagrangian (6.8) coordinates for x ∈[0, 180] are given in Figure 4. The original analytical solution is not periodic and it is stable for small linear perturbations [26]. However, numerical calculations implement a periodic like solution (it was mentioned in [41]). Notice that this does not contradict the linear analysis since numerical calculations introduce finite perturbations. The quasiperiodicity of the numerical solution is confirmed by calculations with very small steps. Variation of steps from large to small does not affect the final solution sufficiently.

6.2. Symmetry Reduction of the Scheme

Reduction of the invariant scheme on the subgroup ∂_t + α∂_s is the same as the reduction for the shallow water equations scheme [13]. The reduced scheme is

α2ψ̌λλ+D-λ(1ψ^λψ̌λ)-2γα2D-λ[1(ψ^λψ̌λ)2(ψ̌λλλ-2ψ̌λλψλλψλ)]=0,Δλ=λ^-λ=λ-λ̌=const, (6.11)

where ψ = ψ(λ) = ψ (s – αt).

Equation (6.11) is a finite-difference analog of equation (6.3). To guarantee that new mesh spacing Δλ matches the original mesh nodes on the plane [12] (see Figure 5), one should assume that

Δλ=h=ατ

Below h and τ are considered equal, which corresponds to α = 1.

Remark 6.1.

It is worth mentioning that the difference shift operators in mass Lagrangian coordinates are related to the shift operators in λ-coordinates as follows

S±τ=S∓λ, S±h=S±λ.

Changing the variables

ψλλ=Θ(ζ), ψ̌λλ=Θ(ζ̌)=Θ̌, ζ=ψλ, D-λ=Θ̌D-ζ, (6.12)

one gets a difference analog of ODE (6.4):

{1+D-ζ(1ζ^ζ̌)-2γD-ζ[Θ̌(ζ^ζ̌)2(Θ̌ζ-2Θζ)]}Θ̌=0,Δζ=ζ^-ζ=ζ-ζ̌=const. (6.13)

If Θ̌=0 , then the appropriate solution is x = λ as it is in the differential case considered above. If Θ̌≠0 then one can derive the following difference first integral

ζ^+1ζ^ζ̌-2γΘ̌(ζ^ζ̌)2(Θ̌ζ-2Θζ)=B1=const, (6.14)

which is the finite-difference analogue of integral (6.5). The control of the values of the first integral (6.14) for Serre’s solution near the center of the soliton for the chosen parameters is given in Figure 6. It shows high accuracy of the first integral conservation.

The solution of the reduced scheme for the initial parameters, obtained by using Runge-Kutta method for equation (6.8), is presented in Figure 7. Notice that, as in the previous section, the numerical solution is periodic like.

6.3. Evolution of the Serre’s Solution for a Perturbed Scheme

Consider the second equation of scheme (5.11)

D-τ(u)+D-s([4ρρ̌-2p(1ρ+1ρ̌)+1p]-1)=2γD-s(Q[ǔts-2usǔsp]), (6.15)

where Q=(pp̌ρ2)/(2p-ρ)2 .

The term D-s(Qǔts)∼ǔtss¯ is proportional to (τh²)⁻¹ which takes on large values. One can avoid it by putting γ ~ τh². But in this case the equations become the shallow water equations which are out of our interest here. Because of the large coefficients even for very small gradients of u the scheme cannot be numerically solved by standard methods. There are at least two known approaches to correct this situation. The first approach [11,22] is based on the splitting the scheme into a system of difference equations and calculating the flow Qǔts separately. It is used, for example, in magnetohydrodynamics, where the coefficient of thermal conductivity often tends to infinity. Another approach [7] goes beyond finite difference methods. The hybrid scheme is constructed by splitting the Green-Naghdi equation into two parts. The finite-difference part approximates the shallow water equation, and the finite-volume part of the scheme approximates the γ-terms of the equation.

In order to avoid these difficulties we consider the following perturbed version of equation (6.15)

D-τ(u)+D-s([4ρρ̌-2p(1ρ+1ρ̌)+1p]-1)=2γD-s(Q[αǔts-2βusǔsp]), (6.16)

where 0 < α ≤ 1 and 0 < β ≤ 1 are some constant values. Tending the coefficient α to zero, one can neglect effects of the term proportional to ǔtss¯ .

This particular problem is also of independent interest. To clarify the physical meaning of this case, we refer to the paper [32], where it was considered a similar to (6.16) perturbed form of the Green-Naghdi equations in Eulerian coordinates. The perturbation coefficient α is responsible for the stability of the soliton solution. If its value tends to zero, the solution show dispersive qualities in time. In contrast to α, the value of the perturbation coefficient β does not essentially affect the profile of the free surface.

In particular, the evolution of the Serre’s solution for α = 0.001, β = 1, R₀ = 0.75 and γ = 1 is presented in Figure 8. For the represented solution we explore a viscous version of the scheme, where the following change was used

ρmn↦ρmn-ντ D-s(ρmn), umn↦umn-ντ D-s(ρmnumn), m>2.

Here v is a small viscosity coefficient. The dispersive wave forms are very similar to the results presented in [32] for small values of α.

7. CONCLUSION

Group analysis of the one-dimensional Green-Naghdi equations describing the behavior of fluid flow over uneven bottom topography is given in the present paper. The Green-Naghdi equations are considered in two forms: in the classical form (1.1), (1.2) and in the mild slope approximation form (1.1), (1.3) which is of the same order as the original Green-Naghdi equations. Analysis of the studied equations is performed in Lagrangian coordinates. Working in the Lagrangian coordinates allowed us to find Lagrangians turning the analyzed equations into the Euler-Lagrange equations. It is shown that equations (1.1), (1.3) with a flat bottom topography H_b = qx + β are locally equivalent to the Green-Naghdi equations with a horizontal bottom topography H_b = const. Complete group classification of both cases of the Green-Naghdi equations with respect to the function H_b describing the uneven bottom topography is presented. Applying the Noether theorem, the developed Lagrangians and performed group classification, conservation laws of the one-dimensional Green-Naghdi equations with uneven bottom topography are obtained.

An invariant conservative finite-difference scheme is constructed for the Green-Naghdi equations for the case of a flat bottom topography. The scheme possesses the conservation laws of mass, momentum, energy and the center-of-mass law. This scheme is also represented in hydrodynamic variables. The representation in hydrodynamic variables simplifies its numerical implementation. The reduction of the invariant scheme on a subgroup is carried out similarly to the reduction of the corresponding differential equations. As a result of the reduction an ordinary finite-difference equation is obtained. This equation possesses a first integral, which is well preserved on Serre’s exact solution. Using the example of Serre’s solution further numerical analysis of the scheme is performed. The stationary solution, obtained by the proposed scheme, has the same qualitative properties as the solutions calculated by the Runge-Kutta methods. The time evolution of Serre’s solution is considered by the example of a specific perturbed version of the scheme which allows one to avoid working with large velocity gradients terms. The latter invariant scheme was generalized for an arbitrary bottom topography. This scheme also possesses the conservation laws of mass and energy.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The research was supported by Russian Science Foundation Grant No 18-11-00238 “Hydrodynamics-type equations: symmetries, conservation laws, invariant difference schemes”. E.I.K. acknowledges Suranaree University of Technology for Full-time Master Researcher Fellowship.

Footnotes

1

REFERENCES

[1]AV Aksenov and KP Druzhkov, Conservation laws and symmetries of the shallow water system above rough bottom, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., Vol. 722, 2016. 012001.

[2]AV Aksenov and KP Druzhkov, Symmetries of the equations of two-dimensional shallow water over a rough bottom, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., Vol. 1205, 2019. 012002.

[3]AV Aksenov and KP Druzhkov, Conservation laws of the equation of one-dimensional shallow water over uneven bottom in Lagrange’s variables, Int. J. Nonlinear Mech., Vol. 119, 2020. 103348.

[4]YY Bagderina and AP Chupakhin, Invariant and partially invariant solutions of the Green-Naghdi equations, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys., Vol. 46, 2005, pp. 791-799.

[5]SV Bazdenkov, NN Morozov, and OP Pogutse, Dispersive effects in two-dimensional hydrodynamics, Sov. Phys. Dokl., Vol. 32, 1987, pp. 262-264.

[6]P Bonneton, E Barthelemy, F Chazel, R Cienfuegos, D Lannes, F Marche, et al., Recent advances in Serre–Green Naghdi modelling for wave transformation, breaking and runup processes, Eur. J. Mech. B Fluids, Vol. 30, 2011, pp. 589-597.

[7]P Bonneton, F Chazel, D Lannes, F Marche, and M Tissier, A splitting approach for the fully nonlinear and weakly dispersive Green-Naghdi model, J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 230, 2011, pp. 1479-1498.

[8]AA Chesnokov, Properties and exact solutions of the equations of motion of shallow water in a spinning paraboloid, J. Appl. Math. Mech., Vol. 75, 2011, pp. 350-356.

[9]AF Cheviakov, VA Dorodnitsyn, and EI Kaptsov, Invariant conservation law-preserving discretizations of linear and nonlinear wave equations, J. Math. Phys., Vol. 61, 2020. 081504.

[10]YA Chirkunov and EO Pikmullina, Symmetry properties and solutions of shallow water equations, Universal J. Appl. Math., Vol. 2, 2014, pp. 10-23.

[11]LM Degtyarev and AP Favorskii, A flow variant of the sweep method, USSR Comput. Math. Math. Phys., Vol. 8, 1968, pp. 252-261.

[12]VA Dorodnitsyn, Applications of Lie Groups to Difference Equations, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2011.

[13]VA Dorodnitsyn and EI Kaptsov, Shallow water equations in Lagrangian coordinates: symmetries, conservation laws and its preservation in difference models, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul., Vol. 89, 2020. 105343.

[14]VA Dorodnitsyn and EI Kaptsov, Discrete shallow water equations preserving symmetries and conservation laws, J. Math. Phy., 2020. Submitted.

[15]VA Dorodnitsyn, R Kozlov, and SV Meleshko, One-dimensional gas dynamics equations of a polytropic gas in Lagrangian coordinates: symmetry classification, conservation laws, difference schemes, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul., Vol. 74, 2019, pp. 201-218.

[16]D Dutykh, D Clamond, P Milewski, and DF Mitsotakis, Finite volume and pseudo-spectral schemes for the fully nonlinear 1D Serre equations, Eur. J. Appl. Math., Vol. 24, 2013, pp. 761-787.

[17]N Favrie and S Gavrilyuk, A rapid numerical method for solving Serre-Green-Naghdi equations describing long free surface gravity waves, Nonlinearity, Vol. 30, 2017, pp. 2718-2736.

[18]SL Gavrilyuk, VY Liapidevskii, and AA Chesnokov, Spilling breakers in shallow water: applications to Favre waves and to the shoaling and breaking of solitary waves, J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 808, 2016, pp. 441-468.

[19]AE Green and PM Naghdi, A derivation of equations for wave propagation in water of variable depth, J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 78, 1976, pp. 237-246.

[20]AC Hearn, REDUCE Users Manual, ver. 3.3, The Rand Corporation CP 78, Santa Monica, 1987.

[21]NH Ibragimov, Nonlinear self-adjointness and conservation laws, J. Phys. A, Vol. 44, 2011. 432002.

[22]NN Kalitkin, A sweep for an infinite thermal conductivity, USSR Comput. Math. Math. Phys., Vol. 8, 1968, pp. 262-265.

[23]EI Kaptsov and SV Meleshko, Analysis of the one-dimensional Euler–Lagrange equation of continuum mechanics with a Lagrangian of a special form, Appl. Math. Modell., Vol. 77, 2020, pp. 1497-1511.

[24]D Lannes and P Bonneton, Derivation of asymptotic two-dimensional time-dependent equations for surface water wave propagation, Phys. Fluids, Vol. 21, 2009. 016601.

[25]D Levi, MC Nucci, C Rogers, and P Winternitz, Group theoretical analysis of a rotating shallow liquid in a rigid container, J. Phys. A, Vol. 22, 1989, pp. 4743-4767.

[26]YA Li, Linear stability of solitary waves of the Green-Naghdi equations, Commun. Pure Appl. Math., Vol. 54, 2001, pp. 501-536.

[27]M Li, L Xu, and Y Cheng, A CDG-FE method for the two-dimensional Green-Naghdi model with the enhanced dispersive property, J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 399, 2019. 108953.

[28]VY Liapidevskii and KN Gavrilova, Dispersion and blockage effects in the flow over a sill, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys., Vol. 49, 2008, pp. 34-45.

[29]Y Matsuno, Hamiltonian formulation of the extended Green-Naghdi equations, Phys. D, Vol. 301–302, 2015, pp. 1-7.

[30]Y Matsuno, Hamiltonian structure for two-dimensional extended Green–Naghdi equations, Proc. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., Vol. 472, 2016.

[31]SV Meleshko, Complete group classification of the two-dimensional shallow water equations with constant coriolis parameter in Lagrangian coordinates, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul., Vol. 89, 2020. 105293.

[32]D Mitsotakis, D Dutykh, and J Carter, On the nonlinear dynamics of the traveling-wave solutions of the Serre system, Wave Motion, Vol. 70, 2017, pp. 166-182.

[33]D Mitsotakis, B Ilan, and D Dutykh, On the Galerkin/finite-element method for the Serre equations, J. Sci. Comput., Vol. 61, 2014, pp. 166-195.

[34]PJ Olver, Applications of Lie Groups to Differential Equations, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986.

[35]LV Ovsiannikov, Group Analysis of Differential Equations, Nauka, Moscow, 1978. (English translation published by W.F. Amer, Academic Press, New York, 1982).

[36]LV Ovsiannikov, Lectures on Basis of the Gas Dynamics, second ed, Institute of Computer Studies, Moscow-Izhevsk, 2003.

[37]BL Rozhdestvenskii and NN Yanenko, Systems of Quasilinear Equations and Their Applications to Gas Dynamics, second ed, Nauka, Moscow, 1978. (English translation published by Am. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1983).

[38]A Samarskii and YP Popov, Difference Methods for Solving Problems of Gas Dynamics, Nauka, Moscow, 1980. (In Russian).

[39]F Serre, Contribution à l’étude des écoulements permanents et variables dans les canaux, Houille Blanche, Vol. 3, 1953, pp. 374-388.

[40]P Siriwat, C Kaewmanee, and SV Meleshko, Symmetries of the hyperbolic shallow water equations and the Green-Naghdi model in Lagrangian coordinates, Int. J. Nonlinear Mech., Vol. 86, 2016, pp. 185-195.

[41]P Siriwat and SV Meleshko, Group properties of the extended Green-Naghdi equations, Appl. Math. Lett., Vol. 81, 2018, pp. 1-6.

[42]CH Su and CS Gardner, Korteweg-de Vries equation and generalizations. III. Derivation of the Korteweg-de Vries equation and Burgers equation, J. Math. Phys., Vol. 10, 1969, pp. 10-23.

<Previous Article In Issue

Download article (PDF)

Next Article In Issue>

Journal: Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics
Volume-Issue: 28 - 1
Pages: 90 - 107
Publication Date: 2020/12/10
ISSN (Online): 1776-0852
ISSN (Print): 1402-9251
DOI: 10.2991/jnmp.k.200922.007 How to use a DOI?
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

Cite this article

ris enw bib

TY  - JOUR
AU  - V.A. Dorodnitsyn
AU  - E.I. Kaptsov
AU  - S.V. Meleshko
PY  - 2020
DA  - 2020/12/10
TI  - Symmetries, Conservation Laws, Invariant Solutions and Difference Schemes of the One-dimensional Green-Naghdi Equations
JO  - Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics
SP  - 90
EP  - 107
VL  - 28
IS  - 1
SN  - 1776-0852
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2991/jnmp.k.200922.007
DO  - 10.2991/jnmp.k.200922.007
ID  - Dorodnitsyn2020
ER  -

download .riscopy to clipboard