Artery Research

Volume 3, Issue 4, December 2009, Pages 165 - 166

P6.08 CHARACTERIZATIONS OF THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM COMPARED

Authors
N. Westerhof1, B.E. Westerhof2
1VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
2BMEYE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Available Online 3 December 2009.
DOI
10.1016/j.artres.2009.10.075How to use a DOI?
Abstract

Systolic pressure, Ps, and pulse pressure, PP, are determined by heart and arterial system. We here compare systemic arterial system characterizations alone, and mention their use and limitations (aspects).

  1. 1.

    Peripheral resistance, Rp. Required: Mean Pressure and Cardiac Output; Characterization: partial. Aspects: derivation simple; linear.

  2. 2.

    Arterial Input Impedance, Zin. Required: Pressure, P(t), and flow, F(t); Characterization: complete and comprehensive. Interpretation: Rp, Total Arterial compliance, C, Characteristic impedance, Zc. Aspects: Derivation difficult, data noisy; linearity.

  3. 3.

    Wave Transmission

    1. a.

      Aortic Pulse Wave velocity, c, (Foot-foot wave speed). Required: two (uncalibrated) P(t), (flows or diameters); Characterization: (Total) Arterial compliance. Aspects: Derivation simple, Aorta a uniform tube. Carotid-Femoral: not entire aorta; i.e., not total arterial compliance.

    2. b.

      Waveform Analysis. Required: P(t), F(t)+Zc. Characterization: Amount and timing of reflections. Interpretation: diffuse (peripheral) and distinct reflections. Tube (aorta) with reflection site at end, no phase shift. Phase shift and c, change with age and effects may cancel. Aspects: Only timing and ratio Pbackward/Pforward give arterial characterization. Small error Zc real.

  4. 4.

    Lumped Models

    1. a.

      Two-element, Frank’s, Windkessel. Required: P(t) and CO. Many ways to derive C (e.g. RC-time). Interpretation: Rp, and C, see 2. Aspects: No Zc.

    2. b.

      Three-element Windkessel. Required: P(t) and F(t). Computer fits. Interpretation: Model description of 2, Rp, C, and Zc. Aspects: Mean P=CO(Rp+Rc) not only Rp.

  5. 5.

    Wave Intensity Analysis. Not a characterization of the arterial system alone. Reflections as 3b above.

CONCLUSION: only 2 and 4b characterize the whole arterial system.

Open Access
This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC license.

Journal
Artery Research
Volume-Issue
3 - 4
Pages
165 - 166
Publication Date
2009/12/03
ISSN (Online)
1876-4401
ISSN (Print)
1872-9312
DOI
10.1016/j.artres.2009.10.075How to use a DOI?
Open Access
This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC license.

Cite this article

TY  - JOUR
AU  - N. Westerhof
AU  - B.E. Westerhof
PY  - 2009
DA  - 2009/12/03
TI  - P6.08 CHARACTERIZATIONS OF THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM COMPARED
JO  - Artery Research
SP  - 165
EP  - 166
VL  - 3
IS  - 4
SN  - 1876-4401
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artres.2009.10.075
DO  - 10.1016/j.artres.2009.10.075
ID  - Westerhof2009
ER  -